01
ago & before
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1)兩者均可表示在多久時(shí)間“以前”(要放在表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)之后),但有區(qū)別:ago從現(xiàn)在向前回溯,即現(xiàn)在的過(guò)去,因此通常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用;而 before則從過(guò)去向前回溯,即指過(guò)去的過(guò)去,因此通常與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用(尤其用于賓語(yǔ)從句中)。如:
I bought the computer two years ago. 我是兩年前買(mǎi)這臺(tái)電腦的。
He said they had left five days before. 他說(shuō)他們 5 天前就離開(kāi)了。
注:在表示推測(cè)或?yàn)槭拐Z(yǔ)境生動(dòng)的句子中,有時(shí)也可用ago代替before.如:
He must have left a week ago. 想必他在一星期前就離開(kāi)了。
I had thought that he had died at least 20 years ago. 我原以為他至少在 20 年前就已經(jīng)去世了。
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(2)before 有時(shí)單獨(dú)使用(即不連用具體時(shí)間),泛指一般意義的“以前”,此時(shí)可用于一般過(guò)去時(shí),也可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如:
He didn‘t know that before. 他以前不知道此事。
I have been there before. 我以前去過(guò)那兒。
02
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Much
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1) much修飾比較級(jí)
修飾比較是副詞much的常見(jiàn)用法,“much + 比較級(jí)”的意思是“更……”“……得多”。如:
It‘s much colder today than it was yesterday. 今天比昨天冷得多。
It was much worse than I thought. 它比我想像的還要糟得多。
We will be a much better football team next year. 明年我們將會(huì)成為一支更好的足球隊(duì)。
2) much修飾最高級(jí)
much修飾最高級(jí)應(yīng)置于最高級(jí)前的定冠詞之前,而不是之后。“much + the + 最高級(jí)”的意思是“最最……”“絕對(duì)是最……”。如:
This is much the most difficult. 這是最最難的。
That‘s much the best plan. 那絕對(duì)是最好的計(jì)劃。
Of the three boys Nick is much the cleverest. 這三個(gè)男孩中,尼克最最聰明。
3) much修飾形容詞的原級(jí)
much修飾形容詞原級(jí)的情形主要見(jiàn)于那些由過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的形容詞。如:
I was much annoyed. 我很不高興。
She wasn‘t much surprised. 她并不太驚訝。
注:有個(gè)別非分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的形容詞有時(shí)也可用much修飾,但這種用法很有限,通常只見(jiàn)于good,different等少數(shù)幾個(gè)形容詞。如:
I don‘t think this battery is much good. 我并不認(rèn)為這種電池非常好。
The new school isn‘t much different from the old one. 新學(xué)校與老學(xué)校區(qū)別不太大。
4) much修飾副詞too
much too 為習(xí)語(yǔ),其中的much修飾副詞too;much too可視為too的加強(qiáng)說(shuō)法,其語(yǔ)氣比單獨(dú)用too更強(qiáng)。如:
He spoke much too fast. 他說(shuō)話說(shuō)得太快了。
This is much too heavy for you to lift. 這東西太重,你拿不起來(lái)。
注意:much too與too much詞序不同,用法也不同。從句法功能上看,much too的用法與too相同,但比too的語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng);而too much在用法上則與much相同,但比much 語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng)。比較:
He drives much too fast. 他開(kāi)車(chē)開(kāi)得太快了。
The shoes are much too small for me. 這鞋子我穿太小了。
There is too much rain. 雨水太多了。
You have given me too much. 你已經(jīng)給我太多了。
5) much修飾介詞短語(yǔ)
much主要用于修飾由like,in,to等少數(shù)介詞所構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)。如:
The baby doesn‘t look much like you. 這嬰兒長(zhǎng)得不大像你。
They‘re very much in love with each other. 他們彼此在熱戀中。
Much to my surprise, she did it by herself. 讓我極為驚訝的是,這竟然是她自己做的。
6) much修飾動(dòng)詞
much修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí),通常只用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中,一般不能用于肯定句中(除非前面有very,too,so等之類(lèi)的修飾語(yǔ))。如:
正:She doesn‘t like him much. (用于否定句,故正確)
正:She doesn‘t much like him. (用于否定句,故正確)
正:Does she like him much?(用于疑問(wèn)句,故正確)
正:Does she much like him? (用于疑問(wèn)句,故正確)
正:She likes him very [too, so] much. (其前有修飾語(yǔ),故正確)
注意以下誤句:
誤:She likes him much. / She much likes him. (因?yàn)樗糜诳隙ň洌移淝皼](méi)有修飾語(yǔ),故不正確)
但是,不帶修飾語(yǔ)的much有時(shí)也能在肯定句中修飾動(dòng)詞,但這通常只限于 admire,affect,appreciate,dislike,enjoy,look forward to,prefer,regret等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞,且much通常只能放在句中,不放在句末。如:
We much appreciate your invitation. 我們非常感激你的邀請(qǐng)。
We would much prefer to be given money. 我們還是更喜歡有人給我們錢(qián)。
These factors have much affected the building of nuclear plants. 這些因素極大地影響了核電站的建立。
7) much修飾as
much as 可視為習(xí)語(yǔ),其意為“雖然”,用法與though相似。如:
Much as I‘d like to help, there isn't a lot I can do. 盡管我愿意幫忙,卻沒(méi)有很多事我能做。
Much as he admired her looks and her manners, he had no wish to marry her. 雖說(shuō)他很欣賞她的外貌和儀態(tài),他卻無(wú)心和她結(jié)婚。
8) much修飾the same
much 修飾the same,從表面上是加強(qiáng)了the same的語(yǔ)氣,但實(shí)際上是緩和了其語(yǔ)氣,其意為“情況大致相同”“幾乎差不多”“沒(méi)什么變化”。如:
The patient is much the same this morning. 今天早上病人情況幾乎沒(méi)什么變化。
Whichever method you use, the result is much the same. 不論你用哪一種方法,結(jié)果都差不多。
They eat much the same thing for breakfast every day. 他們每天吃的早餐幾乎都一樣。
03
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deep & deeply
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位置不同:
在動(dòng)詞之前或句首通常只用ly副詞。如:
He slowly drove the car into the garage.他把車(chē)慢慢地開(kāi)進(jìn)車(chē)庫(kù)。
Quickly everybody stood up.大家很快地站起來(lái)。
但在動(dòng)詞后,兩種副詞都可用。如:
He drives slow/slowly.他的車(chē)開(kāi)得很慢。
He sold it cheap/cheaply.他將它便宜賣(mài)了。
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含義不同:
與形容詞同形的副詞通常指具體情況,而-ly副詞多指抽象概念。請(qǐng)比較:
He is sitting close to me.他就坐在我邊上。
Watch closely what I do.仔細(xì)瞧我怎么做的。
I went deep into the woods.我深入到樹(shù)林中。
Her story moved me deeply.她的故事使我深受感動(dòng)。
The plane was flying high.這架飛機(jī)飛得很高。
He think highly of your work.他對(duì)你的工作評(píng)價(jià)很高。
He opened the door wide. 他把門(mén)開(kāi)得大大的。
English is widely used in the world.英語(yǔ)在世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛使用。
習(xí)慣搭配不同:
如:
1.在stand firm(站穩(wěn))和hold firm(固守)中不用firmly.
2.在fair and square(正大光明地)和play fair(公平辦事)中不用fairly.
3.在take it easy(別著急),go easy(從容不迫),easier said than done(說(shuō)來(lái)容易做來(lái)難),easy come,easy go(易得則易失)等中不用easily.
4.在sound asleep(熟睡),wide open(完全開(kāi)著),wide awake(完全醒了)中不用soundly或widely.
04
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almost & nearly
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(1)兩者都可用來(lái)修飾不定代詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等,此時(shí)兩者??蓳Q用:
It's almost [nearly] impossible. 那幾乎是不可能的。
He almost [nearly] always arrives late. 他差不多總是遲到。
The girl nearly(almost)fainted. 這姑娘差點(diǎn)(幾乎)暈倒了。
They have almost [nearly] run out of food. 他們的食品幾乎(差不多)已經(jīng)吃完了。
He went out almost [nearly] every evening. 他幾乎(差不多)每天晚上都出去。
It was nearly [almost] five thirty. 幾乎已經(jīng)五點(diǎn)半了。
He fell and almost [nearly] broke his leg. 他摔了一跤,險(xiǎn)些摔斷了腿。
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(2)almost可用于any以及no,none,nobody,nothing,never等否定詞之前,但nearly一般不這樣用:
Almost any man can do it. 幾乎任何人都會(huì)做。
Almost no one came to the party. 幾乎沒(méi)有人來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。
但是,兩者都可用在否定動(dòng)詞之前:
He almost [nearly] didn't catch the bus. 他差點(diǎn)沒(méi)趕上公共汽車(chē)。
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(3)nearly 前可用 very,pretty,not 等詞修飾,但almost之前不能用這些詞:
It's not nearly so difficult as you think. 這遠(yuǎn)不像你想像的那么難。
【注】not nearly 意為“遠(yuǎn)非”,very [pretty] nearly意為“幾乎”,都是習(xí)語(yǔ)。
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(4)有時(shí) almost 可表示十分相似(但又不完全相同),此時(shí)不用 nearly:
I almost wish I'd stayed at home. 我真有點(diǎn)后悔沒(méi)在家里呆著。
05
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as often as
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1) as often as用于字面義,表示“與……一樣經(jīng)常”,可視為as…as結(jié)構(gòu)與often的自然搭配;若用作習(xí)語(yǔ),則表示“每當(dāng)”。如:
I don‘t visit my parents as often as I should. 我去看望的次數(shù)不夠經(jīng)常。
As often as I tried to phone him the line wasengaged. 每次我給他打電話都占線。
另外,習(xí)慣搭配as often as not的意思是“往往”“通常”,不能按字面來(lái)理解。如:
As often as not, he forgets his homework. 他常常忘做家庭作業(yè)。
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2) 其他的還有:
as soon as字面意思為“與……一樣快”;作為習(xí)語(yǔ),其意為“一……就”。
as long as字面意思為“與……一樣長(zhǎng)(久)”;作為習(xí)語(yǔ),其意為“只要”。
as well as字面意思為“與……一樣好”;作為習(xí)語(yǔ),其意為“不但……而且”“既是……也是”“而且”“還”。
06
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interest
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interested in doing和interested to do
有這樣一道題:
You are right, we are not interested _________ tostories, but now we'd be interested _________ yourstory.
A. in listening, in hearing?
? ? ? B. to listen, to hear
C. in listening, to hear?
? ? ? ?D. to listen, in hearing
【分析】此題容易誤選A,因?yàn)?be interested in 是大家很熟悉的結(jié)構(gòu),in 是介詞,其后接動(dòng)詞自然應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞。但是,從句意來(lái)看,此題的最佳答案應(yīng)是C.
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為此請(qǐng)注意以下區(qū)別:
be interested in doing sth = 對(duì)做某事感興趣(指一般性的動(dòng)作)
be interested to do sth = 很有興趣做某事,很想做某事(指尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)
如:He is interested in listening to stories. 他對(duì)聽(tīng)故事很感興趣。
We'd be interested to hear your story. 我們很想聽(tīng)聽(tīng)你的故事。
請(qǐng)看一個(gè)類(lèi)似的例子:
be keen on doing sth = 熱衷于做某事(指一般性的動(dòng)作)
be keen to do sth = 喝望做某事(指尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)
He is keen on playing tennis. 他很喜歡打網(wǎng)球。
I can't drive yet, but I’m keen to learn. 我還不會(huì)開(kāi)車(chē),但我很想學(xué)。
但是,以上用法是不可以隨便推而廣之的,因?yàn)椴⒉皇撬械?/span>“be + 形容詞”都可同時(shí)接不定式或“介詞 + 動(dòng)名詞”的。如:
(1)要表示“喜歡做某事”,英語(yǔ)可用be fond of doing sth,但不用be fond to do sth.
(2)要表示“忙于做某事”,英語(yǔ)可用be busy in doing sth,但不用be busy to do sth.
(3)要表示“厭煩做某事”,英語(yǔ)可用be tired of doing sth,但不用be tired to do sth.
(4)要表示“做某事做遲了”,英語(yǔ)可用be late in doing sth,但不用be late to do sth.
(5)要表示“做某事有經(jīng)驗(yàn)”,英語(yǔ)可用be experienced at / in doing sth,但不用be experienced todo sth.
另外,對(duì)于可用于兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)者,也不見(jiàn)得含義都有以上區(qū)別的。如:be fortunate in doing sth與befortunate in doing sth大致同義。
07
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the用作副詞
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1、用于最高級(jí)前
Of all her friends, she likes Mary the best. 在她所有的朋友中,她最喜歡瑪麗。
That was the most interesting story she had evertold. 這是她講過(guò)的最有趣的故事。
She is the most suitable person imaginable. 她是能想像出的最合適的人選。2、用于比較級(jí)前
表示某人或某物比以前更好或更壞,此時(shí)句中通常會(huì)有表示原因、理由或條件的短語(yǔ)或從句。如:
I feel the better for my walk. 散了一下步我覺(jué)得舒服多了。
I love him all the more for his faults. 正因?yàn)樗@些缺點(diǎn),所以我越發(fā)愛(ài)他。
3、用于“the +比較級(jí),the +比較級(jí)”
表示“越……越……”。如:
The more a man has, the more he wants. 人越有越想要。
The higher up we go, the colder it becomes. 越往上走,天氣就越冷。
The better I knew him, the more I liked him. 我越了解他就越喜歡他。
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