unit 6 課文翻譯
PassageA
愛(ài)好足球有利健康嗎?
——為什么球迷知道真相
當(dāng)球隊(duì)取勝時(shí)，鐵桿球迷會(huì)興奮到極點(diǎn)；而當(dāng)球隊(duì)失敗時(shí)，他們又會(huì)極度低迷。科學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)一支球隊(duì)的喜愛(ài)在情感上可能與真正戀愛(ài)一樣強(qiáng)烈，而且球隊(duì)之間的碰撞具有角斗士般的影響力。
這究竟是怎么回事呢?為什么熱情的球迷在觀看比賽的時(shí)候會(huì)產(chǎn)生荷爾蒙的起伏以及其他的心理變化?為什么球迷的自尊心會(huì)隨著勝利而高漲，隨著失敗而低落，有時(shí)還會(huì)影響到他們以后很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的生活?人們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)對(duì)球隊(duì)形成如此深厚的情結(jié)?而如此癡心地全力支持一支球隊(duì)對(duì)你的健康是好還是壞?當(dāng)你找到答案時(shí)可能會(huì)大吃一驚。
球迷的性格
心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常將鐵桿球迷描繪成寂寞而又不適應(yīng)環(huán)境的人，他們通過(guò)對(duì)一只球隊(duì)的認(rèn)同來(lái)尋求自我。但一項(xiàng)研究卻得出了相反的結(jié)論。這項(xiàng)研究顯示，與那些從來(lái)不看當(dāng)天比賽的人們相比，足球迷們所經(jīng)受的沮喪和麻木要小。鐵桿球迷還會(huì)顯示與球隊(duì)狂熱的牢不可破的聯(lián)系。這種球迷心理的根源也許可以追朔到原始時(shí)期。那時(shí)，為保護(hù)他們部落而戰(zhàn)的武士是他們種族的真正的代表。在現(xiàn)代道理依然如此，職業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員是一個(gè)城市或國(guó)家的武士，打的是足球場(chǎng)上發(fā)動(dòng)的遵守規(guī)則的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)
球場(chǎng)上的對(duì)抗是激烈的。從這方面看，我們的體育英雄就是我們的斗士。足球比賽，尤其是在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手之間，并不是一種輕松的運(yùn)動(dòng)技藝的展現(xiàn)。你自身會(huì)在情感上介入比賽的結(jié)果，因?yàn)槟闼χС值那蜿?duì)代表著你。所以，職業(yè)足球選手似乎能對(duì)一些球迷再現(xiàn)當(dāng)年部落戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)對(duì)他們的祖先所產(chǎn)生的那種緊張情緒。甚至可以說(shuō)，正是這種情緒在過(guò)去的20年中，加速了人們迷戀體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的狂熱化。
代理人身份
因此，通過(guò)足球比賽，你有可能會(huì)得到你的對(duì)手的尊重，雖然只是間接的感受。這就意味著，你可能受到十分敬重，但這不是因?yàn)槟阕约旱某删停且驗(yàn)槟闩c獲勝的球隊(duì)有聯(lián)系。再者，如果你愿意，你還可以將自己與某個(gè)球技精湛的足球隊(duì)員相聯(lián)系，如中場(chǎng)隊(duì)員大衛(wèi)·貝克漢姆，邊鋒來(lái)恩·吉格斯，以及前鋒鐵瑞·亨利等。當(dāng)然，那種關(guān)聯(lián)可能是不牢固的。愛(ài)炫耀的體育迷在稱(chēng)贊他們球隊(duì)的勝利時(shí)總愛(ài)說(shuō)“我們贏了”,但是卻與自己球隊(duì)的失敗保持距離，而說(shuō)“他們輸了”。
善始善終
大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些“高度投入”的球迷——無(wú)論男女——不大可能在球隊(duì)表現(xiàn)不佳時(shí)背離球隊(duì)。凡讀過(guò)尼克?霍恩比的《極度興奮》的人都知道，阿森納的足球迷正是如此。不僅如此，他們還把他們球隊(duì)的失利歸咎于裁判不公或球運(yùn)不佳，而不說(shuō)阿森納足球隊(duì)的差錯(cuò)或其對(duì)手的技藝。因此，這些狂熱的球迷對(duì)比賽高度亢奮并花費(fèi)更多的金錢(qián)購(gòu)買(mǎi)球票和俱樂(lè)部的商品，這一點(diǎn)就不足為怪了。
睪丸激素有影響嗎?
球隊(duì)獲勝后男性球迷的睪丸激素含量會(huì)顯著上升，而在失利后顯著下降。這種特性在為爭(zhēng)奪雌性而戰(zhàn)的雄性動(dòng)物身上也得到了驗(yàn)證。生物學(xué)家認(rèn)為，人類(lèi)可能已演化了這一方法來(lái)盡快結(jié)束沖突。如果是這樣，它就為大賽后的足球流氓行為提供了一個(gè)有趣的生物學(xué)解釋?？茖W(xué)驗(yàn)證了這一理論。在1994年的亞特蘭大世界杯賽中，分別在巴西隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)勝意大利隊(duì)之前和之后對(duì)21名意大利人和巴西人的睪丸激素含量進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。結(jié)果，賽后巴西人的睪丸激素上升了28%,而意大利人的睪丸激素卻下降了27%。
作為球迷會(huì)損害健康嗎?
是的，甚至是致命的。在罰點(diǎn)球時(shí)的緊張心情可能會(huì)觸發(fā)男球迷的心臟病發(fā)作和中風(fēng)。96年的歐洲杯賽中，當(dāng)荷蘭隊(duì)輸給法國(guó)隊(duì)時(shí)的當(dāng)天，因心臟病發(fā)作及中風(fēng)而死亡的人數(shù)提高了50%。
團(tuán)體特征
作一名熱情的球迷可能只是希望屬于某一團(tuán)體或組織——這是一種曾經(jīng)被宗教和政治所滿足的一種需求。這可以解釋為什么一些球迷面對(duì)球隊(duì)的不斷地失利依然義無(wú)反顧地忠誠(chéng)于他們的球隊(duì)。在比賽中，你周?chē)娜巳耗軌蚣て鹉銟O大的熱情，而且你可以通過(guò)揮舞帽子和圍巾、墨西哥式的人浪以及歌唱，來(lái)表明你只屬于這一群體。而且，你是這一群體的一員，在這里從不問(wèn)問(wèn)題，沒(méi)有必要解釋?zhuān)⑶铱偸怯腥酥С帜?。隨著宗教和家庭等諸多傳統(tǒng)體系的開(kāi)始分解，足球人群就成了完美的家庭。
較健康的面貌?
在大多數(shù)場(chǎng)合下，深深地依戀于某一球隊(duì)是有益的。多項(xiàng)研究表明，對(duì)某一球隊(duì)所產(chǎn)生的強(qiáng)烈興趣可以忘卻沮喪，并可培養(yǎng)自身價(jià)值和歸屬感。這一點(diǎn)適合于所有的熱情體育迷。全部人類(lèi)——包括足球迷——都有這種最基本的心理需求：歸屬感。沒(méi)有了宗教，沒(méi)有了家庭，必須要有→種新東西來(lái)滿足這一需求。今天，蓋過(guò)所有其他運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目的足球，填補(bǔ)了這一至關(guān)重要的空缺。
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Passage B
男人工作有利于健康
也許，你只有30歲——或者40歲，50歲—而且已經(jīng)在想象著要退休。你已擁有(填空選項(xiàng)：購(gòu)股選擇權(quán)、信托基金、有錢(qián)的妻子),而且現(xiàn)在僅有的問(wèn)題是什么時(shí)候退休。什么時(shí)候是全身心地投入到高爾夫球的最佳時(shí)機(jī)?
或許這是一個(gè)可怕的念頭，尤其是對(duì)那些工作不是為了養(yǎng)家糊口的人來(lái)說(shuō)。而且種種流行病學(xué)分析早已得出結(jié)論：較早退休的人并不比那些工作到老的人壽命長(zhǎng)。假如有機(jī)會(huì)整天除了娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)別無(wú)他事，我們就會(huì)遇到麻煩——被高爾夫球擊中頭部，喝酒過(guò)多掉下漁船，諸如此類(lèi)的事情。
任何事情使得我們過(guò)多地遠(yuǎn)離婦女的關(guān)愛(ài)世界都不利于我們的健康。這并不是說(shuō)工作不會(huì)帶給我們有害的影響。男人是90%以上的與工作有關(guān)的事故的受害者。高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的本能也驅(qū)使我們?cè)谑聵I(yè)上求得發(fā)展，而一級(jí)一級(jí)的往上爬也可能使人緊張(雖然有趣的是，大多數(shù)總經(jīng)理非常健康；他們都很有韌勁，是天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者)。任何稍微超越我們的能力的工作都會(huì)引起緊張，伴隨而來(lái)的是高血壓，免疫力下降，心血管疾病的患病機(jī)率的增加。但是，養(yǎng)育孩子也緊張。失業(yè)真的很緊張。度假也可能緊張。在米蘭開(kāi)汽車(chē)更是一場(chǎng)惡夢(mèng)。
問(wèn)題在于，看看那幅圖畫(huà)，無(wú)論愿意與否，不工作總比工作更糟糕。這一點(diǎn)一直是對(duì)的，但是現(xiàn)在隨著性別角色的變化，這一常理也有些難以解釋了。
成功的回報(bào)
工作對(duì)男人有利——尤其是條件合適時(shí)更是如此。例如——當(dāng)然這并不適合那些社會(huì)平等主義者——娶了一位“家庭主婦型”妻子的男人有更大的可能在事業(yè)上不斷得到提拔。這是《康納爾大學(xué)退休和康樂(lè)研究》得出的結(jié)論，這份研究同時(shí)也發(fā)現(xiàn)反之亦然：男人娶了有全職工作的妻子，其事業(yè)也更加可能走下坡路。從其他的資料中我們了解到，一位成功的和有成就的男人是健康和歡樂(lè)的人。
近來(lái)蘇格蘭有一份研究也表明，性別角色的變化對(duì)男人工作生涯有影響。研究人員指出，有全職和兼職工作的婦女人數(shù)的增加，很可能與自殺和心情抑郁的男人數(shù)目的不斷增加有間接關(guān)系，至少在英倫諸島是如此。對(duì)于男人來(lái)說(shuō)，失去作為家庭唯一供養(yǎng)者的地位，以及意識(shí)到喪失了社會(huì)地位，可能是抑郁癥的危險(xiǎn)因素。
家庭生活也會(huì)影響到男人從工作中獲得的利益。有了孩子以后，特別是有了一個(gè)男孩之后，美國(guó)男人的工作時(shí)間就要延長(zhǎng)。
華盛頓大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授謝里·蘭貝爾說(shuō)，“我們只能猜測(cè)，有了一個(gè)兒子對(duì)男人來(lái)說(shuō)增添了婚姻和家庭的價(jià)值?！彼鶕?jù)“美國(guó)收入動(dòng)因的訪問(wèn)調(diào)查”的數(shù)據(jù)，發(fā)現(xiàn)第一個(gè)兒子的出生會(huì)導(dǎo)致男人平均每年增加了84小時(shí)的工作時(shí)間——相當(dāng)于增加了兩個(gè)星期的工作。有了女兒之后男人只增加了31小時(shí)的工作。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種“父親獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”,使得男人每生一個(gè)孩子都會(huì)增加大約5%的小時(shí)工資。
退休
研究一再表明，一個(gè)在職的有家室的男人的可支配收入越多，則越幸福，越健康。
還不相信?研究退休的人們的一些發(fā)現(xiàn)，進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明了不要退休的理由。首先，剛退休的男人比沒(méi)有退休的男人會(huì)遇到更多的家庭沖突。你的夫人會(huì)很緊張地?fù)?dān)心你是否被高爾夫球擊中頭部，或者喝酒過(guò)量落水飄在海上。好消息是你還可以重新獲得退休而產(chǎn)生的損失——重新回去工作?？导{爾大學(xué)心理學(xué)家榮格默恩·科·基默和菲莉斯·摩恩發(fā)現(xiàn)，退休的男人一旦決定重新工作時(shí)，他們又重獲得新生。
基默認(rèn)為，“退休后再就職對(duì)他們的心理健康有好處?！蹦切┩诵莺笥种匦鹿ぷ鞯娜藗兏杏X(jué)士氣高昂，很少有沮喪的心情。而那些退休后沒(méi)有重新工作的男人們則感覺(jué)精神消沉，心情極其沮喪。
他們對(duì)534名已婚的在50歲和74歲之間的男人和婦女的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，工作狀況對(duì)精神和抑郁的影響是不分年齡、收入和健康的。
因此，加勁干吧，朋友，并且設(shè)法一直干到你躺下為止。延年益壽的藥方之一就是工作。
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unit 6 習(xí)題答案
Lead-in
1)serious
2)involves
3)several
4)changes
5)families
6)means
7)painful
8)Get a medical checkup to rule out any other illness that might be causing signs of depression.
9)Go to the government services pages and look for"health clinics"or"community health centers"
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Communicative Tasks
Task 1
Open
10)There are two common types of treatment for depression:medic ine and "talk"therapy.
1.Yes,just before collge entrance examination,I was depressed.Everyone was preparing for the last shot,thus somestudents behaved quite strange.They didn't talk to each other,even when one was good-willed.My desk-mate is oneof they.It affectedme a lot.At that time,Ifelt I was isolated,and had no one to talk to.
2.I feel quite nervous.My heart beats faster than usual.
3.First,take a deep breathe and try to calm down Then find a person to talk to.You can tak to your parents,or your bestfriends or just anyone.It is better to speak it out rather than hold it in.
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Task 2
I agree with that “happy is he who is content”.The reason are as follows.First,those who is content can easiy find athing making them happy no matter how trivialit is.On the country,the greedy one always think it is difficult toachieve their goals,let alone great pressure.Second if a person is content,he can start to put his efforts to his next targetwhen the last one has meet his need.Step by step,he can make great progress.Third,as the saying goes,“A goodattitude is half of success",those who is content will keep positive attitudes and that will lead them to success.
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PassageA
Think About It
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1.Die-hard football fans are too enthusiastic for everything related to football.
2.Open.
3.I think football fans should display their enthusiasm in a proper way.
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2.Scan the passage and ty to list the arguments of the author in Column I to prove whether it is healthy to be afootball supporter,and the paragraph number in Column II.Thefirst argument for"YES"is listed as an example.Yes,Several studies show that an intense interest in a team can stave off depression and foster feelings of self-worthand belonging.Para.11.
No,The tension felt by football fans during penalty shoot-outs can trigger heart attacks and strokes in male spectators.
Para.9.
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3.Answer the following questions or complete the statements in the fewest possiblethe passage.
words with information from
1.Lonely misfits searching for self-esteem by identifying with a team.
2.They suffer fewer bouts of depressions and alienation.
3.Because their attitude towards theirteam depend on whether the team wins or not.
4.on their team's mistakes or the other team's skill
5.Yes,in most cases.
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4.Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word.
1.portrayed
2.revealed
3.depression
4.game
5.admiration
6.connection
7.uninterested
8.loyal
9.including
10.psychological
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5.Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.
1.achievement
2.self-esteem
3.primitive
4.aroused
5.identified
6.confrontation
7.reveal
8.soaring
9.abandoned
10.professional
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6.Complete the following sentences with words or expressions from the passage.Change the form where necessary.
1.through thick and thin
2.root for
3.backed up
4.belonged to
5.staveoff
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7.The folowing words occur in Passage A.Find 5 pairs of near synonyms and 2 pairs of near antonyms,and write themdown.
Synonyms:
1.conflict;clash
2.mental;psychological
3.feeling sad;depression
4.self-esteem;self-worth
5.back up;support
Antonyms:
1.light-hearted;intense
2.helpful;harmful
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8.Translate the following sentences into English.
1.She portrays her childhood as a time of wonder and discovery.
2.Experiments showed that nonsmokers committed fewer errors than smokers.
3.Football fans are often highly regarded not for their own achievement,but through their connection to a team thatwins.
4.Despite the actors'wonderfulacting,the three hour movie could not hold our attention.
5.ProfessorWang is the only doctor I can rely on to save my son.
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9.Read and compare the English sentences,paying attention to the italicized parts and translate the Chinese sentences bysimulating the structure of the English sentences.
1.We hit the heights when we knew that some people survived the flood and reach the depths of despair when we cannot find those missing students.
2.The chance wewin the game is fewer than those who do training regularly.
3.We do everything not to gain fame or fortune,but to give more people hope.
4.He blamed his terrible performance in schoolon his poor family,rather than his sloth.
5.An difficulty college students face is how to apply acquired knowledge to practice.
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-
Write a short passage of 120 words or so on the topic "Sports and Psychological Health."
Sports and Psychological Health
Sports are good for our health.Especially they can be of great value to our psychological health.First of all peoplewho are taking athletics feel more confident in their abilities.Because they are in control of their own actions.Secondsports give people the chance to be more self-reliant and to be able to achieve their goals.It needs not only physical skilland strength but also courage,enthusiasm,and more often team work.These qualities will certanly influence people'scharacter.Third,sports can free us from work stress and tire.It is a good opportunity to relax.In conclusion,sports are ofgreat value to our psychological health.
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Passage B
Think About It
1.A healthy person is the one who are healthy both physically and psychologically,
2.Sometimes,pressure comes from ambitions and misunderstanding of life.For example,in order to be the best in acompany,some people struggle to do at their best.
3.Yes,I think so.The achievement and social status brought by work can make a man feel happier.
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12.Choose the best answer to each question with information from the passage.
1.C
2.D
3.B
4.B
5.A
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13.Answer the following questions with information from the passage.
1.You're only 30-year-old—or maybe even 40 or 50—and are already fantasizing about retiring.
2.We get in trouble—get beaned by a shanked gof ball fall off a fishing boat after a beer,too many,that kind ofthing.
3.Men are the victims of more than 90 perc ent of all job-related accidents.Our highly competitive instincts alsopropel us to advance in our professions and climbing the ladder can be stressful.
4.Raising children is stressful Unemployment is really stressful Vacations can bestressful.Driving in Milan is evena nightmare.
5.Men married to women who work full-time are more likely to have downwardly mobile careers.
6.Open.An old gentleman I know who used to be an engineer.After retirement,he just stayed at home and his healthbecame worse and worse.Then,he decided to work as a volunteer in the community.After that,he felt that hebecame energetic like a young man.
Language Focus
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14.Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.
1.victim
2.depress
3.devote
4.concluded
5.beneficial
6.recreational
7.propelled
8.financial
9.nothing
10.regardless
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15.Complete the following sentences with words or expressions from the passage.Change the form where necessary.
1.along with
2.agree with
3.in terms of
4.go back to
5.be responsible for
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16.Each of the verbs and nouns in the following lists occurs in Passage B.Choose the noun that you think collocateswith the verb and write it down in the blank.
1.children
2.wages
3.conflict
4.an opportunity
5.a ladder
6.stress
7.value/roles
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17.Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
心理健康與幸福不應(yīng)該與你是否有精神或情感混亂問(wèn)題相混淆。幸福的研究是關(guān)于普通的個(gè)人對(duì)幸福的感受，以及大眾對(duì)幸福的理解。當(dāng)我們談到心理健康時(shí)，我們指的是普通人在生活中過(guò)得怎么樣。換言之，如果你覺(jué)得悲傷，也并不一定意味著你患有精神疾病。心理健康是你如何處理幸福，如何回應(yīng)幸福，以及你是否覺(jué)得生活非常有趣、令人愉悅。
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18.Read the following paragraph and choose the best answer to each question.The questions require that you reach aconclusion based onyour reading of the passage.
1.B
2.D
3.C
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19.Translate thefollowing sentences into Chinese,paying special attention to the underlined parts.
1.申請(qǐng)表務(wù)必在截止日期之前寄回。
2.這個(gè)男人信誓旦旦說(shuō)的話遭到了其他幾位證人的反駁。
3.在玩具歷史上值得注意的不是幾百年來(lái)玩具發(fā)生了多少變化，而是玩具有多少地方還保持不變。
4.據(jù)報(bào)道，大多數(shù)被收養(yǎng)的孩子都想知道他們的親生父母是誰(shuí)。
5.這就是為什么老師經(jīng)常鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生盡早使用詞典，重視文字內(nèi)容而非技術(shù)能力的原因。
6.一天當(dāng)中你感到精力最充沛的時(shí)候，也是你的體溫處于周期最高峰的時(shí)候。
7.事實(shí)是能源危機(jī)已經(jīng)伴隨我們很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了，并且還將伴隨我們更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
8.這就是為什么甚至有人建議應(yīng)該完全取消現(xiàn)有的限速制度的原因。
9.請(qǐng)問(wèn)我們?cè)鯓硬拍茉谧疃痰臅r(shí)間內(nèi)趕到機(jī)場(chǎng)?
10.你知道我在哪里能買(mǎi)到尺碼比這更大的襯衫嗎?
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20.Write an essay based on the graph below.The suggested title is:Car Accidents Declining in Chongqing City.
Rememberthat your composition must be written according to the follow ing loutline:
Car Accidents Declining in Chongqin City
According to the graph,we can see that the number of car accidents in Chongqin city fluctuates considerably in
2011.The first three months of this year shows a rising trend and the number of car accidents moves from 22 in Januaryto 32 in March.Then there is a steady decline during the folowing three months.But after that,another sharp increaseappears with the car accidents climbing to 40 in August.The next three months sees a better situation,with the caraccidents decreasing to the minimum of 16 in November.
Weather and road condition can account for the fluctuates in the graph.Because of the muddy and slippery roads inearly spring,the accidents reach the peak in March.However,another peak in August is associated with drowsy andimpatient drivers in the hot and humid summer.Therefore,good weather condition and improved driving conditions maycontribute to the decline of car accidents in autumn and winter.
Based on this graph we can predict that the following year would have the similar fluctuates in the car accidents.Ofcourse,with all the efforts,we can expect lower car accidents next year.
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