as…as
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1.基本用法
該結(jié)構(gòu)的基本意思是“與……一樣”,其中接形容詞或副詞的原級(jí),在否定句中,第一個(gè)as也可換成so.如:
He doesn't study as [so] hard as his brother. 他學(xué)習(xí)不如他弟弟努力。
2.涉及數(shù)量或程度的用法
若涉及數(shù)量或程度,可用“as much+不可數(shù)名詞+as”和“asmany+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)+as”。如:
He doesn‘t pay as much tax as we do / as us. 他沒我們交的稅款多。
There are not as many restaurants as there were. 現(xiàn)在餐館沒有過去多了。
3.有關(guān)詞序的一點(diǎn)說明
其間接形容詞時(shí),有時(shí)該形容詞還可修飾另一名詞,但這個(gè)名詞應(yīng)帶有不定冠詞(注意詞序)。如:
I have as good a voice as you. 我的聲音和你一樣好。
4.該結(jié)構(gòu)的修飾語
根據(jù)情況可用(not) nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twice, threetimes, 30 per cent等修飾,并且這些修飾語必須置于第一個(gè)as之前,而不能置于其后。如:
This room is twice as large as that one. 這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的兩個(gè)大。
You‘re not half as clever us you think you are. 你遠(yuǎn)不是自己想像的那么聰明。
It took three times as long as I had expected. 這件事比我預(yù)料的多花了兩倍的時(shí)間。
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first & at first
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1、從詞性上看區(qū)別
first可用作形容詞或副詞,有時(shí)還可用作代詞;而at first作為介詞短語,只起副詞用作用(在句中用作狀語)。如:
First class is the most expensive way to travel. 坐頭等艙是最貴的旅行方式。(first為形容詞,在句中用作定語)
This is the first time I have heard of such things. 這是我第一次聽到這樣的事。(first為形容詞,在句中用作定語)
You needn‘t read the whole book hut you must readthe first four chapters.你們不必把整本書全讀完,但必須讀完前四章。(first為形容詞,在句中用作定語)
I asked them to ring first in case we were out. 我請(qǐng)他們先打電話來,以防我們不在家。(first為副詞,在句中用作狀語)
She‘s always the first to arrive and the last to leave. 她總是第一個(gè)來,最后一個(gè)離開。(first為代詞,可視為其后省略了one, person等之類的詞)
His second suggestion was not much better than his first. 他的第二個(gè)建議比第一個(gè)好不了多少。(first為代詞,可視為其后省略了suggestion)
At first we used hand tools. Later we had machines. 開始我們用手工工具,后來我們有了機(jī)器。(atfirst在此用作狀語)
2、從用法上看區(qū)別
1).first的用法
first 用來說明順序,意為“先……”,暗示接下去還有其他動(dòng)作或事件要發(fā)生,因此其后往往接有(或暗示有)then,next,last 等詞。如:
Think first, then act. 先想清楚再行動(dòng)。
I‘ll have to finish my homework first. 我得先把作業(yè)做完。
? ? ? ?First, boil some water. Then, warm the teapot. Then, add three teaspoons oftea. Next, pour on boiling water… 你先燒些開水,然后把茶壺燙熱,接著放三勺茶葉,隨后沖入開水……
John came home from work. First he read the paper for a while, then he got up from the chairand turned on the radio. 約翰下班回家,先看一會(huì)兒報(bào),然后從椅子上站起來,打開收音機(jī)。
2). at first 的用法
at first 的意思是“起初”“開始”,它主要用于強(qiáng)調(diào)前后對(duì)照,暗示接下去的動(dòng)作與前面的動(dòng)作不同甚至相反,因此常有 but,afterwards,soon,at last等相呼應(yīng)。如:
At first I didn‘t want to go, but I soon changed my mind. 我開始不想去,但我很快就改變了主意。
The work was hard at first, but I got used to it. 起初這活兒很累,不過后來我習(xí)慣了。
At first they were very happy, but then things started going wrong. 起初他們生活得很幸福,但后來就開始出問題了。
At first I paid little attention, but slowly my interest awoke. 起初我沒怎么注意,但逐漸產(chǎn)生了興趣。
3、其他幾點(diǎn)區(qū)別
1). at first 除以上用法外,其他場(chǎng)合一般不用它;而first除表示“先……(然后……)”外,還可表示“最先”“第一次”“首先”等。如:
Ladies first. 女士?jī)?yōu)先。
That‘s mine—I saw it first. 那是我的,是我先看見的。
When did you first meet him? 你第一次見他是什么時(shí)候?
2). 有時(shí)at first并非固定搭配(first后還修飾有其他詞語)。如:
She was so nice a girl that he fell in love with her at first sight. 她是這樣好的一個(gè)姑娘,使他一見鐘情。
She could tell at first glance to which class a man belonged. 她一眼就能看出一個(gè)人屬于哪個(gè)階級(jí)。
3). at first與at last不是一對(duì)反義詞組,后者的意思是“終于”“最終”。如:
At last the truth became known. 最后真相大白了。
She has at last got everything ready. 她最后把一切準(zhǔn)備好了。
At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽車來了,我已等了半小時(shí)。
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angry
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1.表示“對(duì)某人生氣”,一般用介詞 with(有時(shí)也用 at)
The teacher got angry with [at] me. 老師對(duì)我生氣了。
有的詞書認(rèn)為:用with表示心中感到生氣,而用at則表示怒氣流露于外表,但總的說來此時(shí)還是用with的場(chǎng)合較多。
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2.表示“對(duì)某事生氣”,一般用介詞 at(about)
He was rather angry at what you said. 他對(duì)你說的話相當(dāng)生氣。
I was angry about missing the film. 沒看上那部電影我很氣惱。
有的詞書認(rèn)為:at 之后接某人之言行,about 之后接某事,但這種區(qū)別并不十分嚴(yán)格,兩者常可換用。
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3.表示生氣的原因,一般用介詞for
He was angry with me for not having done anything. 因?yàn)槲沂裁匆矝]做,他對(duì)我很生氣。
注:be angry 之后除搭配介詞外,還可接不定式或從句:
He‘ll be angry to find that nothing has been done. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)什么都沒做,他會(huì)生氣的。
He was angry that the door was locked. 門鎖上了,他很生氣。
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able
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1.表示“有能力的”、“能干的”,可用作表語或定語。如:
He is an able manager. 他是位有能力的經(jīng)理。
He is old but still able. 他雖年老,但仍有很能干。
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2.用于 be able to do sth(能或會(huì)做做某事)。如:
He is able to speak English. 他會(huì)說英語。
Everyone here is able to type. 這兒的每一個(gè)人都會(huì)打字。
He will be able to get about in a week or two. 再過一兩個(gè)星期左右他就能走動(dòng)了。
He studied hard and was able to pass his examinations. 他學(xué)習(xí)很努力,所以考試及了格。
注:be able to 不僅有多種時(shí)態(tài)形式(通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)或與 be going to 連用),而且還可以與某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用(通常不與 can 連用),甚至還可以有非謂語形式。如:
Since his accident he hasn't been able to leave the house. 自出事之后,他一直未能離開家。
You might be able to persuade him. 你也許能夠說服他。
I hope to be able to do the work. 我希望能干得了這項(xiàng)工作。
I regret not being able to help her. 我很遺憾未能幫助她。
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3.able 的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)通常是abler和ablest,也可以是more able和most able,有時(shí)還可用 betterable和best able.如:
You are better able to do it than I (am). 你比我更有能力做這件事。
She's the person best able to cope. 她是個(gè)最能妥善處理問題的人。
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4.若要加強(qiáng)語氣,其前除可very,quite,perfectly等修飾外,有時(shí)還可用well修飾。如:
He is quite [well] able to take care of himself. 他完全有能力照顧自己。
He's a very able student; he's just too lazy. 他是個(gè)很有能力的學(xué)生,只是太懶了。
若受just,only just修飾,則表示“只能”“僅能”。如:
I was just able to make out a dark figure in the distance. 我只能看見遠(yuǎn)處有個(gè)黑影。
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5.able的反義詞是unable(不能的,不會(huì)的),不是disable,后者是動(dòng)詞,其意為“使殘廢”“使無能力”。比較:
They were unable to reach a decision. 他們沒法做出決定。
Now that he was disabled, his house had become a prison to him. 因?yàn)樗麣垙U了,他的房子就成了他的牢籠。
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hundred,thousand &million
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(1) 用單數(shù)的場(chǎng)合
當(dāng)這些詞與具體數(shù)字連用時(shí),習(xí)慣上用單數(shù),而且也不后接介詞of.如:
He was prepared to pay two million. 他愿意支付200萬。
More than a hundred people were injured. 有一百多人受了傷。
但是,當(dāng)這些詞后面的名詞有了the,these,those等特指限定詞修飾時(shí),或其后的接的是us,them 這樣的人稱代詞時(shí),則此時(shí)必須用介詞of.如:
About three hundred of them have left there. 他們當(dāng)中約有300人離開了那兒。
(2) 用復(fù)數(shù)的場(chǎng)合
當(dāng)這些詞不與具體數(shù)字連用,而是表示不確定的泛指數(shù)時(shí),則不僅要要用復(fù)數(shù),而且要后接介詞of,然后才能接名詞。如:
The sun was shining. Thousands of people were lying on the beach. 陽光燦爛,數(shù)以千計(jì)的人躺在海灘上。
A careless mistake cost the company millions of pounds. 一個(gè)粗心的錯(cuò)誤使公司蒙受數(shù)百鎊的損失。
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unless & if…not
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unless和if not均可表示“如果不”,有時(shí)用法相同,有時(shí)不同,請(qǐng)看題:
You'll miss the train ____ you hurry up.
A. unless B. as C. if not D. until
此題應(yīng)選 A.容易選C.其實(shí)C只是詞序不對(duì),若改為……ifyou don't hurry up 也是對(duì)的。在許多情況下,連詞until與if…not同義,且可換用(表示一種否定的條件)。
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要是不下雨,我們就去。
We shall go unless it rains. = We shall go if it doesn't rain.
我不打電話給你,你就不要來。
Don't come unless I phone you. = Don't come if I don't phone you.
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從以上兩例可以看出,unless有時(shí)可以與if not換用,但if not中的not必須位于從句謂語中,而不能直接與if連用在一起。但是注意,即使如此,兩者也并不是永遠(yuǎn)可以換用的:
一般說來,兩者互換的場(chǎng)合只限于:當(dāng)我們要去結(jié)束一個(gè)已經(jīng)存在的想法或狀態(tài)時(shí)(而不是去開始一種新的想法或狀態(tài))。試體會(huì):
I'll stay at home unless I am invited (=if I am not invited) to the party. 要是不邀請(qǐng)我去參加 晚會(huì),我就呆在家里。(即“邀請(qǐng)我參加晚會(huì)”會(huì)結(jié) 束“我將呆在家里”這一現(xiàn)在的打算)
若要表示所述條件會(huì)導(dǎo)致一種新的想法或情況,通常要用if…not,而不用unless.試體會(huì):
I'll be angry if I'm not invited to the party. 如果不邀請(qǐng)我參加晚會(huì),我會(huì)生氣的。(即“不邀請(qǐng)我去參加晚會(huì)”會(huì)導(dǎo)致一種新情況—-“我會(huì)生氣”
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alive
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1.關(guān)于比較等級(jí)的使用
表示“活著的”、“在世的”,其反義詞是dead(死的);沒有比較等級(jí)的變化。但表示“有活力的”、“活潑的”等義時(shí),可以有比較等級(jí)的變化,且通常要加more,most 構(gòu)成。如:
My grandfather is more alive than a lot of youngpeople. 我爺爺比許多年輕人還有生氣。
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2.關(guān)于用作定語
通常不放在名詞前作定語,但可作作表語或后置定語。如:
He must be still alive. 她一定還活著。
He‘s the happiest man alive. 他在世界上最幸福的人。
Although he is old, he is very much alive. 雖然他很老了,但還很有生氣。
注意:
但是若本身帶有修飾語,則可以用作前置定語:
a really alive student 一個(gè)十分活躍的學(xué)生
a really alive town 一個(gè)十分熱鬧市鎮(zhèn)
除用作表語和有時(shí)用作定語外,alive有時(shí)還用作狀語或補(bǔ)語。如:
He was buried alive. 他被活埋了。
The spy was caught alive. 特務(wù)被活捉了。
I‘m afraid he can't come back alive. 恐怕他不能活著回來。
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3.關(guān)于修飾語的使用
一般不用very修飾,但可用 much,very much,all等修飾。如:
He is (very) much alive. 他非?;钴S。
The city was all alive when we arrived. 我們到達(dá)時(shí),城里非常熱鬧。
但是當(dāng) alive(to)表示“意識(shí)到”(=aware of)時(shí),可用very修飾。如:
He is very alive to the danger. 他完全意識(shí)到了這危險(xiǎn)。
4.用于搭配be alive with
該習(xí)語意為“充滿”、“到處是”。如:
The woods are alive with birds. 樹林中到處是鳥。
The street was alive with people. 街上擠滿了人。
The sky was alive with stars. 滿天星斗。
5.alive,living,live的區(qū)別
三者均可表示“活著”,但用法有區(qū)別:
(1)alive通常不放在名詞前作定語 (可用作表語或后置定語),但是本身有修飾語時(shí),可用作前置定語等 (見以上分析和例句);主要用于人或動(dòng)物。
(2) living 可用作表語或定語,可用于人或物。如:
Both plants and animals are living things. 動(dòng)植物都是生物。
My first English teacher is still living? 我的英語啟蒙老師還健在。
English is a living language. 英語是一門活生生的語言。
從含義上看alive與living都可表示“活著”,含義很接近,只要句法適合,兩者有時(shí)可互換。如:
the greatest scientist alive = the greatest living scientist 當(dāng)代最偉大的科學(xué)家
Are your grandparents still alive [living]? 你祖父母還健在嗎?
若要嚴(yán)格區(qū)分,兩者仍有差別。如:
living 側(cè)重指“健在”或“尚在人間”,而alive則側(cè)重指生與死的“界限”:
In the car accident the mother was killed, but her two-year-old son was found alive. 在這次車禍中,母親死了,但是她兩歲的兒子卻還活著。
(3) live 只用作定語 (前置),主要用于動(dòng)物、植物等 (一般不用于人) .如:
He bought some live fish. 他買了幾條活魚。
Only a few live trees were left after the fire. 火災(zāi)之后只剩下幾棵樹還活著。
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I'll stay at home unless I am invited (=if I am not invited) to the party. 要是不邀請(qǐng)我去參加 晚會(huì),我就呆在家里。(即“邀請(qǐng)我參加晚會(huì)”會(huì)結(jié) 束“我將呆在家里”這一現(xiàn)在的打算)
若要表示所述條件會(huì)導(dǎo)致一種新的想法或情況,通常要用if…not,而不用unless.試體會(huì):
I'll be angry if I'm not invited to the party. 如果不邀請(qǐng)我參加晚會(huì),我會(huì)生氣的。(即“不邀請(qǐng)我去參加晚會(huì)”會(huì)導(dǎo)致一種新情況—-“我會(huì)生氣”)
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