動詞時態(tài)
1.?現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.
e.g.?
1) I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
2)? I’ve been sitting in the garden.
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2.?過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作
e.g.
1) I’d been working for some time when he called.
2) We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
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3.?將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.
e.g.
1) By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
2) In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
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4.?將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來某時會業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.
1) I shall have finished this one before lunch.
2) They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
動詞語態(tài)
英語中有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。
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對中國的英語學習者來說，難點一般是被動語態(tài)，因此我們今天主要講解被動語態(tài)。
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被動語態(tài)，即不知道動作執(zhí)行者或強調(diào)動作承受者的一種語態(tài)。在英語中，如果想要避免用含混不清的詞（如someone）做主語，也可以用被動語態(tài)。英語的語態(tài)是通過動詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。
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句型概述
1. 一般將來時：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done .
e.g.
? ?Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover.
? ? ? 環(huán)境一旦遭到破壞，需要多年時間才能恢復過來。
? ? ? do作為及物動詞有“引起，產(chǎn)生”的含義，do damage的意思是“造成破壞”。主語damage是及物動詞do的動作對象，謂語應當用被動語態(tài)。
其他時態(tài)以此類推，可得到結(jié)果。
2. 情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：主語 + 情態(tài)動詞 + be動詞 + 動詞過去分詞，例如Your teeth must be brushed.
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3. 不定式的被動語態(tài)：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（確定超過接待能力的預定時必須考慮預定了房間卻來不了的客人。
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特殊情況
1. 有些動詞在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中，后面接不帶to的不定式，但如果改為被動，則需把省略的to加上，這類動詞有let, make, ?have, help和感官動詞 feel, see, hear, watch,l ook at, listen to等。
e.g.?
? ?The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.
? ? 要改成My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.
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2. 含有賓語從句的主動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?，通常?/span>it作為被動結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語，從句放在句子后面/也可采用另一種形式，這類動詞有：know, say, believe, find, think, report等
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3. 不是所有的主動句都可以變換成被動句，更不是所有的被動句都可以自由變換成主動句。雖然語法原則上允許主動和被動句的互相轉(zhuǎn)換，但有的句子轉(zhuǎn)換后會變成不通順或不地道的英語句子。因此，在某些題目里，這也成為判斷應該用主動還是用被動的依據(jù)。
e.g.
At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.
在這段文章里，a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van這句被動句強調(diào)出讀到文章的人最關(guān)心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital這句話則說明了孩子被送到醫(yī)院的事實，至于是由誰（某個過路人？或肇事司機？）送的不重要。he was treated for shock and a broken arm這句被動句無須說出treat這個動作的發(fā)出者，因為在醫(yī)院，傷病員自然由醫(yī)務(wù)人員處理，無須啰嗦。這樣，這段文章就重點突出，條理清楚了。
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4. 有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。多是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。這樣句子自然些。直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時，間接賓語要變?yōu)槟硞€介詞的賓語，介詞to可以省略。如His father left him this house.改為This house was left (to) him by his father.
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5. 有些動詞雖為及物，但賓語并非是動作承受者，不能轉(zhuǎn)換，這些動詞有have, hold（容納）,suit, fit, lack, become（適合）contain, cost, last, mean, suffice（足夠）等。
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6. 當直接賓語為反身代詞、相互代詞或賓語前有指代主語的物主代詞時不用被動，如I shook my head.我搖搖頭。
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7. 當賓語為同源賓語（與主句指同一人），動名詞，動詞不定式或一個從句時不用被動。如John enjoyed seeing the film.
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8. 在一些固定說法中，有些名詞和動詞結(jié)合的固定說法，不能改We Chinese always keep our word.
9. 某些從不及物動詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的及物動詞，直接賓語在表示動作的方式或效果時，這些動詞在意思上起狀語的作用，沒有被動The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.(這個女孩說了晚安并且親了他的男朋友）
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10. 表地點\ 處所\ 組織\ 長度\ 大小\ 數(shù)量\ 程度\ 抽象名詞的詞做賓語時不用被動.
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11. 某些“不及物動詞+介詞”短語（如walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with, happen to, take place等）不能用被動。
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12. 某些詞用主動表被動：sell, miss, build, grow, smell, taste, sound, feel等
時態(tài)問題
1.一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are + 及物動詞的過去分詞
e.g. 1) Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
? ? ? ?2) I am asked to study hard.
? ? ? 3) Knives are used for cutting things.
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2.一般過去時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞
e.g. 1) A new shop was built last year.
? ? 2) Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
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3.現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：has/ have + been +及物動詞的過去分詞
e.g.?
1) This book has been translated into many languages.
2) Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
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4.一般將來時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：will/ shall+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
e.g.?
1) A new hospital will be built in our city.
2) Many more trees will be planted next year.
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5.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
e.g.
1)Young trees must be watered often.
2) Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
3) The door may be locked inside.
4) Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
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6.現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：am /is /are + being +及物動詞的過去分詞
e.g.?
1) Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
2) They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them.
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7.不定式的被動語態(tài)：to + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
e.g. There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted.
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8.過去將來時的被動語態(tài)：would / should+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
e.g.?
1) He said he would finish the work soon.
2) He said the work would be finished soon by him.
注意事項
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1.不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)。
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
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2.有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。這些動詞主語以物居多，謂語動詞一般表示主語的性質(zhì)和特征。這類動詞有許多，如: write, break, sell等。
e.g. 1) This pen writes well.
? ? ? ?2) This new book sells well.
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3.感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式，主動語態(tài)中不帶to ，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，須加上to 。
感官動詞有smell, sound, taste,fell等。
使役動詞有let, make, have, help, hear, see, watch, notice, look, listen等。
e.g.?
1) Make somebody do something. → somebody+ be +made to do something
2) See somebody do something → somebody +be +seen to do something
? ? ?A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→ My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
? ? ? ?The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→ The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
? ? ? His mother gave him a present for his birthday.→ He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
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4.如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，直接賓語(物)作主語，那么動詞后要用介詞，這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定。
e.g.
1) He gave me a book.→ A book was given to me by him.
2) He showed me a ticket.→ A ticket was shown to me by him.
3) My father bought me a new bike. → A new bike was bought for me by my father.
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5.一些動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)時，動詞短語應當看作一個整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。
e.g.?
1) We can't laugh at him. → He can’t be laughed at by us.
2) He listens to the radio every day. → The radio is listened to by him every day.
3) The nurse is taking care of the sick man. → The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
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6.一些表示狀態(tài)的動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。如：have, belong to等。
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