高一英語期末復習知識點
重點詞組：
1. fond of “喜愛，愛好” 接名詞、代詞或動詞的-ing形式。例如：
He’s fond of swimming. 他喜歡游泳。
Are you fond of fresh vegetables. 你喜歡新鮮蔬菜嗎?
2. hunt for = look for尋找
I have found the book I was hunting for.我找到了那本我在找的書。
hunt for a job 找工作
3. in order to, so as to 這兩個詞組都可引導不定式作目的狀語, in order to可放于句首, so as to則不能, 其否定形式為in order not to / so as not to. 如:
He went to Beijing in order / so as to attend an important meeting.
In order to be noticed, he shouted and waved to us.為了讓我們注意他, 他朝我們又是叫喊又是揮手。
4. care about
1) 喜歡，對……有興趣 = care for
She doesn’t care about money.她不喜歡錢。
2）關心 = care for
She thinks only of herself. She doesn’t care about other people.她只考慮自己。她不關心別人。
3）在乎，在意（接從句或不接任何成分）
These young people care nothing about what old people might say.
這些年輕人根本不在乎老人說的話。
5. such as 意為“諸如……”，“像……”，是用來列舉人或事物的。
She teaches three subjects, such as physics and chemistry.她教三門科目,像物理、化學。
6. drop * a line 留下便條, 寫封短信
7、make yourself at home 別客氣；隨便；無拘束
If you get to my house before I do, help yourself to a drink and make yourself at home.
如果你在我之前到我家，自己喝點飲料，隨便一點。
8、stay up 不睡；熬夜
I'll be late home, don't stay up for me.我將回家很晚，不要等我了。
9、come about 引起；發(fā)生；產(chǎn)生
How did the accident come about?這場事故是怎么發(fā)生的？
10、except for 除……之外
（1） except 與 except for 的用法常有區(qū)別。except 多用于引起同類事物中被排除的一項。如：
He answered all the questions except the last one.除去最后一個，他回答了所有問題。
（2）except for 用于引述細節(jié)以修正句子的主要意思。如：
Except for one old lady, the bus was empty.除去一個老太太，這輛公共汽車全空了。
（3）但在現(xiàn)代英語中，except for也用于表示except的意思。如上述第一個例子可以是：
He answered all the questions except for the last one.
（4） 另外，在介詞短語之前只能用except，不能用except for。如：
We go to bed before ten, except in the summer.除了夏季，我們通常十點之前上床睡覺。
11、end up with 以……告終；以……結(jié)束
The party ended up with an English song.聚會以一首英文歌結(jié)束。
12、more or less 幾乎；差不多；大約；大概；大體上
I've more or less succeeded, but they haven't.我差不多成功了，而他們沒有。
13、bring in 引進；引來；吸收
（1） We should bring in new technology.我們應該引進新技術(shù)。
（2） He brings in 800 dollars a month.他一個月掙八百美元。
14、get away（from） 逃離
The thieves got away from the shop with all our money.
小偷帶著我們所有的錢從商店逃跑了。
15、watch out （for）注意；留心
（1）Watch out! There is a car coming.小心！汽車來了。
（2）Watch out for the hole in the road.留神路上的那個坑。
16、see sb. off 給某人送行
Tomorrow I will see my friend off at the railway station.明天我到火車站給朋友送行。
17、on the other hand 另一方面（用以引出相互矛盾的觀點、意見等，常說on the one hand …… on the other hand一方面……另一方面）
I know this job of mine isn't well paid, but on the other hand I don't have to work long hours.
我知道這份工作報酬不高，但從另一方面來說，我也不必工作太長時間。
18、as well as * (sth)而且
He is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.
她不但是攝影師還是個天才的音樂家。
19、take place 發(fā)生 take one’s place 入座、站好位置、取得地位
take sb’s place 或take the place of * / sth代替、取代
The Olympic Games take place / are held every four years.
20、on fire 相當于burning, 意為“燃燒；著火；起火”，有靜態(tài)的含意。Catch fire有動態(tài)的含意。
Set… on fire / set fire to …用來表示“使……著火”、“放火燒……”。例如：
Look, the theatre is on fire! Let’s go and help.瞧，劇院著火了，咱們?nèi)兔然鸢伞?
21、on holiday 在度假，在休假中
When I was on holiday, I visited my uncle. 我在度假的時候去看望了叔叔。
holiday(holidays)一般指“休假”
Tom and I are going to have a holiday. 我和湯姆準備去度假。
I've already had my holidays this year. 我今年已經(jīng)度過假了。
22、travel agency
A business that attends to the details of transportation, itinerary, and accommodations
for travelers. 旅行社一種為旅行者提供細致的運輸、旅行和住宿方面服務的行業(yè)
Also called: travel bureau
23、take off
1)脫下(衣服等), 解(除)掉 He took off his wet shoes.他脫下了濕鞋子。
2）（飛機）起飛
The plane took off on time. It was a smooth take-off.飛機準時起飛。起飛非常順利。
3）匆匆離開
The six men got into the car and took off for the park.這六個人上了車，匆匆離開去公園。
24. go wrong??v. 走錯路, 誤入岐途, (機器等)發(fā)生故障
25. in all??adv. 總共
26. stay away v.外出
27. look up 查詢（如賓語為代詞，則代詞放中間）
Look up the word in the dictionary.在字典里查單詞。
相關詞組：look for 尋找；look after照顧，照料； look forward to期待；look into調(diào)查；
look on旁觀；look out注意；look out for注意，留心，提防；look over翻閱，查看，檢查；look around環(huán)視；look through翻閱，查看。
28、run after追逐，追求
If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.同時追兩只兔子，你一只也抓不到。
29、on the air廣播
We will be on the air in five minutes.我們五分鐘以后開始廣播。
30、think highly/well/much of對……評價很高, 贊賞, 對……印象好
He was highly thought of by the manager.經(jīng)理對他非常贊賞。
I think well of your suggestion.我覺得你的建議很好。
think badly/nothing/little/lowly of……認為不好, 好……不在意, 不贊成, 覺得……不怎么樣
I don’t think much of him as a teacher.我覺得他作為一個老師不怎么樣。
31. leave out
1) 漏掉 You made a mistake—You’ve left out a letter “t”.你出錯了—你漏掉了一個字母t.
2) 刪掉, 沒用 I haven’t changed or left out a thing.我沒有作出變動也沒有刪掉任何東西。
32. stare at （由于好奇、激動等張著嘴巴，睜大眼睛地）凝視，盯著看
Don’t stare at foreigners. It’s impolite.不要盯著外國人看，這樣不禮貌。
比較：glare at （to stare angrily at）怒視著
33. make jokes about 就……說笑
They make jokes about my old hat.他們就我的舊帽子說笑我。
have a joke with … about …跟某人開關于某事的玩笑。
He stopped to have a joke with me.他停下來跟我開玩笑。
play a joke on…開某人的玩笑
We played jokes on each other. 我們互相開玩笑。
v. joke about取笑
They joked about my broken English.他們?nèi)⌒ξ阴磕_的英.
45.take over??接管；接替；繼承
what is good and still useful should be taken over.好的有用的東西應當繼承。
46. break down
1) 破壞；拆散
Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances.
人體中的化學元素把食物分解成有用的物質(zhì)。
2)（機器）損壞 Our truck broke down outside town. 我們的卡車在城外拋錨了。
3) 失??；破裂 Their opposition broke down.他們的反對意見打消了。
4) 精神崩潰；失去控制 He broke down and wept. 他不禁失聲痛哭。
5) 起化學變化 Food is broken down by chemicals. 化學物質(zhì)引起食物轉(zhuǎn)化。
47、get on one’s feet
1）站起來;站起來發(fā)言
2）(=stand on one's feet)自立, 經(jīng)濟上獨立
3）(人)病好了, 可以起床了; (使)恢復, 復蘇(指企業(yè))
48、go through
1) 經(jīng)歷；經(jīng)受；遭到
These countries have gone / been through too many wars.這些國家飽經(jīng)戰(zhàn)火。
2) 完成；做完 I didn't want to go through college.我不想上完大學。
3）通過；批準 The law has gone through Parliament. 議會已經(jīng)通過了這項法案。
Their plans went through. 他們的計劃得到了批準。
4）全面檢查；搜查
They went through our luggage at the customs.在海關他們檢查了我們的行李。
重點句型
1．“So + be／have／助動詞／情態(tài)動詞＋主詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)。此結(jié)構(gòu)中的語序是倒裝的，“So”代替上句中的某個成分。如果上面一句是否定句，則使用“Neither/Nor+be/have/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語”的結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如 He’s tired，and so am I．(＝I’ m also tired．)
She has had supper，and so can I．(＝I’ve had lunch，too．)
2．“So +主語+be／have／助動詞／情態(tài)動詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的主謂是正常語序，so相當于indeed,certainly,表示說話人對前面或?qū)Ψ剿f情況的肯定、贊同或證實，語氣較強，意思是“確實如此”。
例如 A：It was cold yesterday．昨天很冷。
B：So it was．的確如此。(＝Yes，it was．)
3．“主語+do/does/did + so”結(jié)構(gòu)指的是按上句的要求做了。此句型中do so代替上文中要求做的事，以免重復。
My Chinese teacher told me to hand in my composition on time and I did so.(=I handed in
my composition on time.) 語文老師叫我按時交作文, 我照辦了。
4．So it is with…或 It is the same with…句型表示 “……(的情況)也是如此。”當前面的句子中有幾種不同形式的謂語時，要表示相同情況，必須使用本句型，不能使用so 引起的倒裝句。
She doesn’t play the piano, but she likes singing. So it is with my sister.
5、There you are. 行了，好。
這是一句表示一種事情告一段落或有了最終結(jié)果的用語。如：
There you are! Then let's have some coffee.
除此之外，還可以表示“瞧，對吧（果然如此）”的語氣。例如：
There you are! I knew we should find it at last.
對吧！我就知道我們最終能找到的。
6、have some difficulty (in) doing sth.
干某事有困難；接名詞時，常用句型：have some difficulty with sth.
①Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding English?
你理解英語口語有困難嗎？
②She said she had some difficulty with pronunciation.
她說她在發(fā)音方面有困難。
7、have a good knowledge of sth.
“掌握……”，“對……有某種程度的了解”
①He has a good knowledge of London. 他對倫敦有所了解。
8、Tree after tree went own, cut down by the water, which must have been three metres deep.
一棵又一棵的樹被水沖倒、沖斷。那水肯定有三米深。
“must have + 過去分詞”表示對已發(fā)生事情的猜測。在英語中，must，may，can三個情態(tài)動詞可用來表示對事情的猜測。Must意為“肯定”，語氣很有把握；may意為“可能”、“也許”，語氣把握性不大。兩者常用在肯定句中。Can意為“肯定”、“也許”，常用在否定句或疑問句中。Must，may，can三者用于表示猜測時，其后面可跟三種不同的動詞形式：
1）跟動詞原形表示對現(xiàn)在事情的猜測；
2）跟be doing表示對正在發(fā)生事情的猜測；3）跟have done表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的猜測。例如：
Helen is Lucy’s good friend. She must know Lucy’s e-mail
.海倫是露茜的好朋友。她肯定知道露茜的電子郵件。
9、Wei Bin took out some peanuts and it was fun to see the monkey eat from his hand.魏彬拿出一些花生?？粗镒訌乃稚铣曰ㄉ?，很有趣。
fun “好玩，趣事”，不可數(shù)名詞，前面不加不定冠詞a。
You’re sure to have some fun at the party tonight. 今天晚上你肯定會玩得很開心。
make fun of“取笑”，“嘲弄”。People make fun of him only because he is wearing such a
strange jacket.人們嘲笑他只是因為他穿了一件那么奇怪的衣服。
funny adj. “可笑的，滑稽的”。He looks very funny in his father’s jacket.他穿著他父親
的衣服，看上去很滑稽。
10、Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea……
許多看過這部電影的人都不敢在海里游。
afraid 用法說明：
1）害怕人/ 物，如：be afraid of * / sth
2）不敢做某事，如：be afraid to do sth / of doing sth
He is afraid to go out / of going out alone at night.
3) 擔心會發(fā)生某事, 如: be afraid of doing sth或be afraid + that clause
He seldom stands on the river bank because he is afraid of falling into the river.
He seldom stands on the river bank because he is afraid that he might fall into the river.
4) 給人不愉快的信息或不贊同某人意見時, 用I’m afraid …, 如:
I’m afraid I’ve got bad news for you.
I’m afraid I can’t agree with you.
11、It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate.把你盤子里所有東西吃完是有禮貌的。
這是一個動詞不定式作主語的句型，其中to finish eating everything 是主語，it是形式主語。
12、I wish you all the best.我祝你萬事如意.
用wish來表示祝愿的結(jié)構(gòu)是wish * sth, 此外我們還可以用may來表示祝愿: May * do sth如:
May you succeed.
13、Where there is a river, there is a city. 有河流的地方就有城市。
Where在這里引導的是地點狀語從句，相當于介詞in/ at/ to + the place + where從句9定語從句），意思是“在……地方”。 例如：
Where there is smoke, there is fire.無風不起浪；事出有因。
He lives where the climate is mild.他住在氣候溫暖的地方。
14、Strong, proud, and united, the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia .
圣彼得堡人民堅強不屈、充滿自豪、團結(jié)一致，他們是俄羅斯當代的英雄。
Strong, proud, and united為前置定語，在這里相當于一個非限制性定語從句：
The people of St Petersburg , who are strong, proud, and united, are the modern heroes
of Russia .??當主語比較短時，這類短語常常放在句首。
15. Congratulations!是一句祝賀用語，在使用時要用復數(shù)形式。其他幾個通常以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)表達特定含義的名詞有：
manners（禮貌）：He is a little boy with good manners.這個小男孩很有禮貌。
regards (問候)：Please send my regards to your parents.請代我問候你父母。
16. Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games.
沒四年，世界各地的運動員們都要參加奧運會。
“every + 基數(shù)詞 + 時間/ 距離單位”詞表示“每多少時間/ 距離”。如：
every five days（每五天）, every three hours（每三小時）, every ten metres（每十公尺）
類似表達形式還有：every fifth day, every third hour
“每隔一天”的表達形式有：every second day, every two days, every other day.
17、Modern cellphones are more than just phones—they are used as cameras and radios, and
to send e-mail or surf the Internet.現(xiàn)代的手機不僅僅是電話機—它們也當坐照相機和收音機使用，還可以發(fā)送電子郵件和上網(wǎng)。
use A as B 把A用作B。例如：
In ancient times, people used stones as tools for farming.在古代，人們把石頭用作耕作的
工具。
use sth to do sth用某物來做某事。例如：
In ancient times, people used stones to kill animals for food.
在古代，人們用石頭來捕殺動物獲取食物。
18、The answer seems to be that we have a need to stay in touch with friends and family no
matter where we are or what we are doing.答案似乎是：無論我們在何處或正在做什么，我們都需要和朋友以及家人一直保持聯(lián)系。
1) seem 似乎，好像，其用法及搭配有：
seem + adj., 如：
This problem seems complicated, but actually it is simple.
這個問題看似復雜，其實很簡單。
seem to do
I seem to have seen him somewhere before.我好像以前在哪兒見過他。
It seems that…,
It seems that everything is going on well.好像一切正常。
It seems as if…,
It seems as if it’s going to rain.看來快要下雨了。
2) no matter無論，不管，后面常跟疑問詞引導的從句，其意相當于疑問詞后加ever。如 no matter what=whatever; no matter where=wherever; no matter how=however; no matter when=whenever例如：
No matter when (Whenever) I meet him, he is always wearing that old hat.
不管我什么時候遇見他，他總是戴著那頂舊禮帽。
No matter how (However) expensive the cellphone is, I’ll buy it because I need one badly.
無論這手機有多貴，我都要買。因為我急需有個手機。
???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 重點語法
直接引語和間接引語
1. 直接引語在改為間接引語時，時態(tài)需要做相應的調(diào)整。
eg: “I broke your CD player.” (一般過去時改成過去完成時)
He told me he had broken my CD player.
Jenny said, “I have lost a book.” (現(xiàn)在完成時改成過去完成時)
Jenny said she had lost a book.
Mum said, “I’ll go to see a friend.” (一般將來時改成過去將來時)
Mum said she would go to see a friend.
過去完成時保留原有的時態(tài)
He said, “We hadn’t finished our homework.”
He said they hadn’t finished their homework.
注意 直接引語是客觀真理，過去進行時，時態(tài)不變。
2． 在直接引語變間接引語時，如果從句中的主語時第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾，從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化。如：
Mary said, “My brother is an engineer.”
Mary said her brother was and engineer.
3． 直接引語如果是反意疑問句，選擇疑問句或一般疑問句，間接引語應改為由whether或if引導的賓語從句。如：
He said, “Can you run, Mike?”
He asked Mike whether/if he could run.
4. 直接引語如果是祈使句，間接引語應改為“tell(ask, order, beg等) * (not) to do sth.”句型。如： “Pass me the water, please.”said he.
He asked him to pass her the water.
5. 直接引語如果是以“Let’s”開頭的祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，通常用“suggest+動名詞或從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
She said, “Let’s go to the cinema.”
She suggested going to the cinema. 或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.
現(xiàn)在進行時表將來的動作
現(xiàn)在進行時表將來的動作，謂語通常為瞬間動詞。如：come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等。這些動詞的進行時后不能再接具體的時間。
（1）用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來，指的是近期的，按計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。
（2）現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來與表示正在進行的動作的區(qū)別在于：前者通常用瞬間動詞（有時一些常用動詞也可以這樣用如：do）如：go, come, start, return, get, arrive等。而后者通常是持續(xù)性動詞。
He is reading a novel. 他在看小說。
The train is arriving soon. 火車就要進站了。
（3）用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來的時間，在句中或上下文中通常有表示將來時間的狀語。
（4）現(xiàn)在進行時與一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來動作的區(qū)別在于：前者表示的將來的動作往往是可以改變的，而后者則是根據(jù)規(guī)定或時間表預計要發(fā)生的動作或事情，因此往往是不可改變或不可隨便改變的。
What are you doing next Friday?
下星期五你們打算干什么？
The plane takes off at 7：30 tonight.
飛機今晚七點半起飛。
定語從句
1. 定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)及理解
2. 定語從句的關系詞的使用
3. 定語從句的簡化表達
知識總結(jié)歸納
（一）定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句：
限定性定語從句：從句對先行詞進行必要的描述或說明，缺少它，則句義顯得不完整，從句與先行詞緊密相連。
非限定性定語從句：對先行詞進行補充說明，解釋，它與先行詞之間有逗號隔開。
1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.
2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.
3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.
4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.
（二）定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：在復合句中，修飾某個名詞或代詞的句子（做這個名詞或代詞的定語）叫定語從句，定語從句一般放在被修飾的名詞或代詞后面，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做定語從句的先行詞，它與定語從句之間要有一個詞連接，這個詞指代先行詞的內(nèi)容叫做關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）。先行詞在定語從句中充當主語，賓語，時間，地點，原因狀語。
結(jié)構(gòu)：先行詞+關系詞+定語從句。
1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.
2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.
3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.
4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.
5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.
6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.
（三）關系詞前面可以根據(jù)定語從句的內(nèi)容加上一些介詞，這些關系詞在介詞后面常用which 或whom.
1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company.
2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.
知識重點與難點
（一）當先行詞有最高級，序數(shù)詞修飾，是不定代詞，或是all, no, only等形式時，關系代詞一般用that，而不能用which。
1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time.
2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.
（三）定語從句的簡化表達：
1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
3. The question that is being discussed is very important.
4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
說明：以上的定語從句部分可以用更加簡單的非謂語形式表達出來：
1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
3. The question being discussed is very important.
4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
說明：修飾一個名詞除了后面用定語從句以外，還可以用非謂語動詞形式：doing短語，done短語，being done短語，to be done短語修飾。其結(jié)構(gòu)和意思如下：
1. 被修飾名詞+doing短語： 正在做….的人/正在發(fā)生的事。
2. 被修飾名詞+ done短語： 被…..的人/事
3. 被修飾名詞+being done短語：正在被…..的人/事
4. 被修飾名詞+ to be done短語：將要被…..的人/事
（1）Do you know the man talking to my sister ?
（2）The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.
（3）Did you see that car being repaired ?
（4）In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.
（5）The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.
（6）Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.
（7）The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.
總結(jié)：以上做定語的那些短語就是英語語法中所說的分詞，不定式的各種形式作定語。
1. 這些短語作定語應放在被修飾名詞的后面。如果單獨一個V-ing或V-ed形式作定語，則可以放在被修飾名詞前面。
2. 分詞作定語時，其動作應與全句動作同時發(fā)生。V-ing表示主動意義和正在做，V-ed表示被動意義。being done表示正在被做的
3. 不定式作定語表示將要發(fā)生的，to be done表示將要被做的
情態(tài)動詞
1. 情態(tài)動詞的推測表達
2. 情態(tài)動詞表達虛擬語氣
3. 某些情態(tài)動詞的特殊用法
知識重點與難點總結(jié)
知識重點：
情態(tài)動詞在表達推測意義的句子中的運用：
（一）用情態(tài)動詞表達事實的推測。can，could，might，may，must可以用來表達對事實的推測。根據(jù)說話人對事實的把握性大小，must表示“肯定…”，may / might / can / could表示“可能……”， must只用于肯定句中，may / might的否定式may not / might not表示 “可能不……”, 而can / could可以用于疑問句，表示“可能，可能……嗎?”，其否定式can’t / couldn’t 表示“不可能”。用情態(tài)動詞可以對現(xiàn)在或過去的事實進行推測。對不同的時間內(nèi)容推測有不同的結(jié)構(gòu)。
（二）對現(xiàn)在的事實進行推測：
主要結(jié)構(gòu)：…must / may / might +動詞原形
be+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語
be + doing
例句：
1. You must be Jeanne. I’m Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well.
2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.
3. The teacher must be joking.
4. Freda isn’t in class. She must be sick.
5. There must be something wrong.
6. She might be very clever, but she hasn’t got much common sense.
7. He may be arriving this evening.
8. He may be traveling around the world.
9. The keys can’t be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.
10. Can the news be true ?
（三）對過去的事實進行推測：結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動詞+have done / been+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語
例句：
1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.
2. He couldn’t have seen Anna yesterday. She’s gone abroad.
3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.
4. He might have overslept again.
5. Where can Tom have gone ?
情態(tài)動詞表達虛擬語氣：表達“本來…”，“不然早就…”。這是情態(tài)動詞的一種虛擬語氣用法。表示說話人所講的與所發(fā)生的事實相反。表達了說話人的埋怨，后悔的語氣。其結(jié)構(gòu)是在一些情態(tài)動詞后面加 have done 結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)要表達的意思，有如下結(jié)構(gòu)：
should have done / ought to have done：本應該……
shouldn’t have done / oughtn’t to have done：本不該……
could have done：本來可以……
needn’t have done：本來沒必要……
would like to have done：本來很想……
would rather not have done: 本來不愿意……
could / might / have done: 不然早就……
例句：
1. You shouldn’t have laughed at his mistakes.
2. You could have told us earlier.
3. I ought to have bought that dictionary last week.
4. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.
5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.
6. They would like to have seen that film last film.
7. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.
8. They might have been frozen to death but for the rescue in time.
知識難點：
某些情態(tài)動詞的特殊用法：
need 和dare 的兩種形式的用法
need 和dare可以用做實義動詞，后面接不定式（to do）結(jié)構(gòu)，在疑問句和否定句中，加助動詞do/does/did/或don’t/doesn’t/didn’t。作為情態(tài)動詞使用時，主要用于疑問句和否定句中。情態(tài)動詞needn’t（沒有必要，不必）相當于don’t have to
例句：
1. It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes.
2. Need I stay here with you for a while ? Thank you, you needn’t.
3. How dare you speak to parents like that ?
注意：
句型I dare say+從句。 意思是：我肯定…… = I’m sure或There is no doubt that+從句。
例句：I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die.
will和would
表示“意志”或“愿意”，would 則指過去愿意做……
例句：1. He said that he would help us.
2. You may telephone if you will accept this job.
would可以表達“過去習慣做……”類似于“used to do”
例句：1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river.
表示請求，固定的句型：Will/Would you please do…? / Would you like to do…?
例句：Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ?
shall
1. 用于第一，三人稱，表示“請求”；“建議” 或“推薦”
例句：1. Shall we start the meeting now?
2. Shall I watch TV now ?
3. Shall my son carry the case for you ?
2. 用于第二人稱，表示“命令，“要求”，“許諾”
例句：1. You shall take whatever you like.
2. You shall not go to the party with me if you make so much noise again.
在表示推測的否定句或疑問句中，常用can /can’t /could / couldn’t表示，意思是：“可能…嗎?”；“…不可能…”。而不能使用mustn’t或must等詞。
與it有關的主要句型
it強調(diào)句型
知識總結(jié)歸納：
（一）it用做形式主語或形式賓語：根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，it用做形式主語或形式賓語，而真正的主語或賓語（to do 短語，doing短語，名詞性從句）則放在句尾。
主要句型：
It’s +形容詞/名詞+連詞+名詞性從句
to do sth.
doing sth.
find / make / think / feel it +形容詞/名詞+連詞+名詞性從句
to do sth.
doing sth.
例句：
1. It will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English .
2. It’s usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs .
3. It’s a pity that I didn’t think of it earlier.
4. It’s no use going there so early.
5. Out teacher thinks it no good learning without practice.
6. Didn’t I make it clear to you that I was not coming ?
7. We found it strange that no one would take the money.
（二）其他句型
1. It takes+時間段+sb.+ to do sth.
2. 表示“據(jù)說，據(jù)報道，/人們認為/相信/建議等
It’s said that…….
It’s reported that ……
It’s believed/thought/suggested that……
例句：
1. It generally takes time to reach this point—being on the same wavelength .
2. It is believed that the two children went off exploring（探險）on their own and get stuck on the cliff .
3. It’s suggested that we should have a meeting to discuss the problem .
4. It was once predicted（預測）that British and American English would become separate languages finally .
（三）it在強調(diào)句型中：在英語中，為了突出強調(diào)句子的某一個成分（謂語除外），達到強調(diào)或使聽話人特別注意這一部分的目的。便形成了一種強調(diào)句型。
It is / was+被強調(diào)的部分+that / who+句子的其他部分。
It is / was not until+時間+that+句子的其他部分。
例句：
1. I saw John on my way to school this morning.
It was John who/that I saw on my way to school this morning.
It was on my way to school that I saw John this morning.
It was this morning that I saw John on my way to school.
2. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.
3. It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.
4. It was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that frightened me so much .
5. It was the kindness and sympathy in their eyes that prevented me from doing so .
知識難點：
（一）注意強調(diào)句型的變形，即以一般疑問句或特殊疑問句的形式出現(xiàn)的強調(diào)句型。
1. What is it that Joe can’t find in the bathroom ?
2. Where was it that you met the foreign guests from Australia?
3. I can’t quite remember when it was that we married.
4. Was it because he was very ill that he asked for leave?
（二）是強調(diào)句型還是that主語從句或其他復合句
1. It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
2. It is these poisonous products that can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles.
3. It was almost ten o’clock when our soldiers came back from the front.
4. Was it in this place that the last king died ?
（三）注意強調(diào)句型中被強調(diào)部分帶有定語從句
Was it at the air battle on June 8, 1944, which was led by Captain Johnson that Peter lost his life.
主謂一致
知識總結(jié)歸納
（一）概述：
主語與謂語的一致：在英語表達中，謂語動詞的形式要和主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。主要體現(xiàn)在be動詞，助動詞do, have 以及一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)中的動詞形式。
謂語動詞與主語保持一致的基本原則：語法一致，就近一致和意義一致。
名詞或代詞做主語有人稱和單，復數(shù)之分，動詞的單數(shù)就是第三人稱單數(shù)形式，而動詞的復數(shù)形式即動詞的原形。
例句：
1. I am seventeen, and he is sixteen.
2. There is a desk in the room, but there are no chairs in it.
3. John gets up at six o’clock every morning.
4. What is the latest news about the Olympic Games ?
5. The family are sitting at the breakfast table.
（二）語法一致：
1. 由and連接的兩個名詞或代詞做主語：
（1）這部分主語表示的是兩個人或兩件不同的事物，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。
例句：
① My brother and I have both seen that film.
② Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China.
③ The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting.
④ Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three R’s.
（2）這部分主語表示具有兩個身份或性質(zhì)的同一個人或一個完整的事物，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
例句：
① The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting.
② War and peace is a constant theme in history.
③ One more knife and fork is needed.
④ The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life.
⑤ Law and order has been established.
⑥ Bread and butter is our daily food.
⑦ Fish and chips is a popular fast food.
⑧ The stars and stripes is the national flag of U.S.A.
（3）這部分主語前面有each, every, many a, no 等修飾時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。
例句：
① Each doctor and（each）nurse was given a new shirt.
② No sound and no voice is heard.
③ Many a boy and girl has made the same mistake.
④ Every minute and every second is precious.
2. 動名詞，不定式，主語從句做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
例句：
① Reading is a great pleasure in life.
② To live means to create.
③ That we need more time is obvious.
④ What is needed is food and medicine.
3. 表示時間，金錢，距離，重量的復數(shù)名詞表示數(shù)量做主語時，被視為一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
例句：
① Three thousand miles is a long distance.
② Eight hours of sleep is enough.
4. 不定代詞anyone, anything, everyone, everything, someone, something, no one, nothing, each the other 等做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
例句：
① Is anybody going to tell him the news ?
② Someone wants to see you.
（三）就近原則
由連詞or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, 連接的兩個名詞或代詞做主語時，謂語動詞和離它最近的哪個名詞或代詞的人稱和數(shù)一致。
例句：
1. Either you or Jean is to be sent to New Zealand.
2. Not only his family but also he likes Chaplin’s movies.
3. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.
4. George or Tom is wanted.
注意：There be句型中be 的形式由它后面的第一個名詞的數(shù)決定。
例句：
1. There aren’t any letters in the mail for you today.
2. There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.
3. Here are some envelopes and paper for you.
名詞后面帶有with, along with, together with, besides, except, but, like, including, as well as, rather than短語共同做主語時，謂語動詞與這些短語前面的那個名詞的數(shù)一致。
例句：
1. All but one were here just now.
2. A library with five thousand books is offered to that nation as a gift.
3. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.
4. You as well as I are wrong.
（四）意義一致
1. 代詞none, neither, all的不可數(shù)形式還是復數(shù)形式由它們指的內(nèi)容決定
例句：
（1）All hope has gone.
（2）All are agreed on this point.
（3）—Is there any milk in the fridge? —No, there is none.
（4）None has returned from the meeting.
2. 集合名詞group, class, family, army, enemy, team等名詞的單，復數(shù)形式根據(jù)它們強調(diào)的內(nèi)容而定。
例句：
（1）The class were all cheerful.
（2）The team were taking over some new plays.
（3）The group are reading the newspapers.
（4）The army is going to remain in this town.
（5）The army have rescued the travelers.
3. 限定詞短語all of…; none of…; a lot of…; 以及分數(shù)/百分數(shù)+of ….修飾名詞構(gòu)成的名詞短語做主語時，謂語動詞的形式由of 后面的名詞形式?jīng)Q定。
例句：
（1）None of these suggestions are very helpful.
（2）I don’t think any of us wants to work tomorrow.
（3）Two-fifths of the students in the class are from Arabic-speaking countries.
難點突破
1. 主謂一致的考查主要體現(xiàn)在單項選擇和短代改錯兩個題型中。同學們在練習和應試時，遇到這樣的題時，要牢記主謂一致的三個基本原則。一定要根據(jù)句子內(nèi)容抓住關鍵的主語部分。同時還要考慮句子的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。
2. one of +復數(shù)名詞做定語從句的先行詞時，定語從句中的謂語動詞與復數(shù)名詞一致。 the only one of +復數(shù)名詞做定語從句的先行詞時，定語從句中的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
例句：
Jim was one of the boys who were late for class.
Jim was the only one of the boys who was late for class.
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