高中英語16種時(shí)態(tài)全解
英語一共有多少種時(shí)態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)是英語中一個(gè)重要的語法范疇,它表示不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)以及動(dòng)作發(fā)生或存在的方式。動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間可分為現(xiàn)在、過去、將來和過去將來四種形式,動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式可分為一般、完成、進(jìn)行和完成進(jìn)行四種形式。將時(shí)間形式和動(dòng)作方式結(jié)合起來,就構(gòu)成了以下16種時(shí)態(tài)形式(以do為例):
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一?般
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完?成
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進(jìn)?行
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完?成?進(jìn)?行
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現(xiàn)?在
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現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)
do
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現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
have done
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現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
is doing
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現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
have been doing
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過?去
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過去一般時(shí)
did
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過去完成時(shí)
had done
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過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
was doing
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過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
had been doing
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將?來
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將來一般時(shí)
will do
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將來完成時(shí)
will have done
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將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
will be doing
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將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
will have been doing
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過去將來
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過去將來一般時(shí)
would do
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過去將來完成時(shí)
would have done
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過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
would be doing
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過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
would have been doing
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時(shí)態(tài)詳解:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的應(yīng)用
(1)?表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用頻度副詞sometimes, often, always, usually, seldom及時(shí)間副詞every day / night / week / month / year, in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night做狀語。如:
He often stays up late. 他常熬夜。
We go home every month. 我們每月都要回家。
I watch TV at night. 我晚上看電視。
(2)?表示客觀真理或永恒的狀態(tài)。如:
The earth travels round the sun. 地球繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。
Trees turn green in spring. 春天樹木變綠。
Liquid turns into gas when it is hot enough. 足夠熱時(shí),液體變?yōu)闅怏w。
Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
(3)?現(xiàn)階段的狀態(tài)。常跟時(shí)間副詞now連用。如:
He lives in Beijing now. 他現(xiàn)在住在北京。
She is at home. 她在家。
They work in that factory. 他們在那家工廠工作。
(4)?習(xí)慣性的愛好或行為。如:
I like dancing while she likes singing. 我喜歡跳舞,而她喜歡唱歌。
We get up at six. 我們六點(diǎn)起床。
He studies very hard. 他學(xué)習(xí)很刻苦。
(5)?表示已經(jīng)計(jì)劃、安排好了或時(shí)間表上所安排,并且一定要做的事情。用于這種句型的動(dòng)詞主要是瞬間動(dòng)詞:come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open等。如:
The train arrives at five past eight and leaves at ten past eight. 火車八點(diǎn)過五分到,八點(diǎn)過十分離開。
Our class begins at 7:45. 我們的課七點(diǎn)四十五開始。
The shop opens at eight o’clock. 商店八點(diǎn)開門。
(6) 時(shí)間、條件、方式及讓步狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示。如:
If you come, we will wait for you. 如果你來,我們就等你。
When he gets here, the work will be finished. 當(dāng)他到這兒時(shí),工作將做完了。
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Though he disagrees with us, he will do as we decided. 盡管他不贊成我們當(dāng)觀點(diǎn),他還是會(huì)按我們的決定去做。
(7) 在某些習(xí)慣表達(dá)法中,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如:
They say Wu Dong is ill. 據(jù)說吳東病了。
The paper says the disease is under control. 報(bào)紙上說這種病已經(jīng)得到了控制。
The diagram tells us that people’s living is improving. 這份圖表告訴我們,人們的生活正在改善。
2. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞的要求
當(dāng)主語為第一人稱、第二人稱或第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),動(dòng)詞(除be第一人稱單數(shù)用 am外) 用原形。當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),動(dòng)詞須用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。即:
(1)?動(dòng)詞be為is;have為has。
?(2)?動(dòng)詞后面一般加—s。如:play—plays, work—works, say—says, love—loves.
(3)?在以輔音字母加—y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后,改y為i再加—es。如:study—studies, satisfy —?satisfies, fly—flies.
(4)?在以s, x, sh, ch, o結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后面加—es。如:fix—fixes, finish—finishes, watch —?watches, do —?does, go —?goes.
一般過去時(shí)
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1. 一般過去時(shí)的應(yīng)用
(1)?表示過去某時(shí)所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如:
Liu Ying was in America last year. 劉英去年在美國。
Jim rang you just now. 吉姆剛才給你打了電話。
(2)?表示過去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常接時(shí)間副詞often, usually, always, sometimes, every day / week, etc. 如:
We often went out for a walk after supper. 我們過去常在晚飯后散步。
We usually played together. 我們通常一起玩。
3. 一般過去時(shí)對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞的要求
一般過去時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)詞的過去式。動(dòng)詞過去式的構(gòu)成分規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種形式,不規(guī)則變化通常需要逐個(gè)記憶,規(guī)則變化則遵循以下原則:
(1)?一般在動(dòng)詞后加-ed。如:play—played, offer—offered, weigh—weighed, destroy—?destroyed, sign—signed.
(2)?在以字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后,只加-d。如:like—liked, provide—provided, hate —?hated, date—dated。
(3)?在以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后,則改y為i,再加—ed。如:supply—supplied, fly—flied, study—?studied.
(4)?在以單短元音的重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且,末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞后,雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母,再加-ed。如:plan—planned, refer—referred, regret—regretted, ban—banned.
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4. 特別說明
有些動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí),如:expect, hope, intend, plan, want 等一般過去時(shí),后接不定式的完成時(shí);或它們的過去完成時(shí)接不定式的一般式,都可表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望。如:
I hoped to have been invited to his wedding party. —I had hoped to be invited to his wedding ceremony. 我本希望他來邀請(qǐng)我參加他的婚禮。
I intended to have joined their games. —I had intended to join their games. 我本打算參加他們的比賽。
一般將來時(shí)
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1. 一般將來時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)及應(yīng)用
(1)?shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形。表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。特別是表示客觀性的事情或在某條件下要發(fā)生的事情,只能用此結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
What shall we do if he doesn’t come? 如果他不來,我們該怎么辦?
Will you be free this evening? 今天晚上有空嗎?
I think he will tell us the truth. 我想他會(huì)告訴我們真實(shí)情況的。
(2)?be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形。表示已經(jīng)計(jì)劃或安排好了的事情,也可表示有跡象表明肯定要發(fā)生的事情。如:
We are going to have a meeting to discuss the matter this evening. 今天晚上開會(huì)討論這件事情。
Look at the black clouds over there. I think it is going to rain soon. 看一看那邊的烏云,我想天要下雨了。
There is going to be an English evening this week. 本周要舉行一個(gè)英語晚會(huì)。
(3)?be to + 動(dòng)詞原形。表示一種常規(guī)性的活動(dòng)或注定要做的事情。如:
Who is to clean the classroom today? 今天該誰打掃教室了?
When are you to return your library book? 你什么時(shí)候要還圖書?
The bridge is to be completed by the end of this year. 這渡橋該在今年年底前完工。
(4)?be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形。表示就要做或正好要做的事情。往往暗含一種時(shí)間上的巧合,因此,句子不能再用時(shí)間狀語。如:
Don’t leave. Li Lei is about to come. 不要走了,李蕾就要來了。
Be quiet. The concert is about to start. 安靜下來,音樂演唱會(huì)就要開始了。
(5)?be +現(xiàn)在分詞。表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。這個(gè)句型中動(dòng)詞主要是瞬間動(dòng)詞:come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等。如:
Go ahead, and I’m coming. 走前面一點(diǎn)吧,我就來。
The dog is dying. 那條狗要死了。
Hurry up. The shop is closing. 快點(diǎn),商店就要關(guān)門了。
(6) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。表示一種嚴(yán)格按照計(jì)劃進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。比方說,上課、飛機(jī)起飛、火車離站等。如:
Don’t hurry. The meeting starts at a quarter past eight. 不要匆忙,會(huì)議八點(diǎn)過一刻開始。
The bus goes back at four thirty. 汽車四點(diǎn)返回。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
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1. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“am / is / are + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。如:
I’m studying at Yu Cai Senior Middle school. 我在育才中學(xué)讀書。
He is writing on the desk. 他再課桌上寫字。
They are talking about their visiting the Great Wall. 他們在談?wù)撚伍L城的事情。
【說明】動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成方法:
(1)?一般在動(dòng)詞后加-ing。如:say—saying, play—playing, think—thinking, study—studying, teach —teaching, blow—blowing, build—building.
(2)?動(dòng)詞若以-e結(jié)尾, 則去e再加-ing。如:love—loving, make—making, guide—guiding, date—dating.
(3)?在以單短元音的重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞后,雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母,再加-ing。如:begin—beginning, regret—regretting, plan—planning, ban —?banning.
(4)?在以ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后,改ie為y,再加-ing。如:lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying.
(5)?在以-c[k] 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后加-king。如:picnic—picnicking, panic—panicking.
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2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的應(yīng)用
(1)?表示目前正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:
They are planting trees on the mountain. 他們在山上植樹。
Mother is preparing supper in the kitchen. 母親在廚房做晚飯。
(2)?有些非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作即將進(jìn)行或發(fā)生,或表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)。如:
He is joining the army. 他要參軍了。
They are buying the house. 他們要買那座房子。
(3)?當(dāng)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)中有always, forever, constantly, continually修飾時(shí),表示說話人的贊賞或厭煩的感情。如:
Why is the baby always crying? 為什么那個(gè)老是在哭。
They are always helping us. 他們總是幫助我們。
注意:表示狀態(tài)、感覺、心理活動(dòng)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,一般不使用語進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的區(qū)別
(1)?現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)目前正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,而一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如:
I’m reading a story now. 我在看一個(gè)故事。(目前正在干的事情)
I read stories in my spare time. 我有空時(shí)看故事。(經(jīng)常性的行為) (from www.yygrammar.com)
(2)?現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,而一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)只表動(dòng)作的重復(fù),而不表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)。如:
What are you doing these days? 這幾天你在干什么?
They are learning English in the summer holiday. 他們暑假在學(xué)英語。
They read English every day. 他們每天讀英語。
They play volleyball every Sunday. 他們每周星期天都打排球。
(3)?表示短促動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞(如 jump, knock, beat, pick, skip等)的進(jìn)行時(shí),表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)。如:
The girls are jumping over there. 女孩子們在那邊跳。
His heart is beating fast. 他的心臟跳得很快。
(5)?某些表示希望或想法的動(dòng)詞(如hope, wonder, want等)的進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示委婉客氣。如:
I’m wondering whether you can help us now. 我不知道你現(xiàn)在能否給我們幫一忙。
I’m hoping that you will succeed. 我正在希望你成功呢。
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
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1. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was / were + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。如:
I was doing my lessons then. 那時(shí),我在做功課。
We were cleaning the house. 我們在打掃房子。
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2. 使用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)
(1)?過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示按計(jì)劃、安排過去某時(shí)刻將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:
He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon. 他說他今天下午要去北京。
(2)?動(dòng)詞hope, wonder等的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來表示提出要求,雖然表示現(xiàn)在的內(nèi)容,但語氣比一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)要委婉。如:
I was wondering whether you could come to join us. 我想你能否過來跟我們一起活動(dòng)?
(3)?過去進(jìn)行時(shí)中有always, forever, continually, constantly修飾時(shí),表示說話人的贊賞或厭煩的感情。如:
He was always thinking of others. 他總是想到人家。
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3. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
(1)?過去進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在過去某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù),而一般過去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成。如:
He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在寫作文。(不一定寫完)
He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚寫了一篇作文。(已經(jīng)寫完)
(2)?表示過去的狀態(tài)、感覺及心理活動(dòng)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般過去時(shí),但通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我討厭人們說話時(shí)口里含著食物。
(3)?一般過去時(shí)與always, constantly, forever, continually等連用,表示“過去經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作”;而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與always, constantly, forever, continually等連用,表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù),常帶有感情的色彩。如:
He always got up at six. 他過去總是六點(diǎn)起床。
He was always thinking of his work. 他總是一心想到工作。
(4)?有時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以用來替換一般過去時(shí),但一般過去時(shí)表示主語的行為是經(jīng)過認(rèn)真考慮的;而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一種較隨便或沒有進(jìn)行仔細(xì)考慮的行為。如:
I thought that he would agree with us. 我原以為它會(huì)同意我們的。
I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想到了要說服他接受我們的建議。
將來進(jìn)行時(shí)用法說明
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1. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法
將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作:
Don’t phone me between 5 and 6. We’ll be having dinner then. 五點(diǎn)至六點(diǎn)之間不要給我打電話,那時(shí)我們在吃飯。
When I get home, my wife will probably be watching television. 當(dāng)我到家時(shí),我太太可能正在看電視。
2. 表示按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
I will be seeing you next week. 我下個(gè)星期來看你。
I’ll be taking my holidays soon. 不久我將度假了。
We shall be going to London next week. 下周我們要去倫敦。
3. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示委婉語氣
有時(shí)用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)可使語氣更委婉:
Will you be having some tea? 喝點(diǎn)茶吧。
Will you be needing anything else? 你還需要什么嗎?
4. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來時(shí)的區(qū)別
(1)?兩者基本用法不一樣:將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,一般將來時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作:?
What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 明天這個(gè)時(shí)候你會(huì)在做什么呢?
What will you do tomorrow? 你明天干什么?
(2)?兩者均可表示將來,但用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)語氣更委婉,比較:
When will you finish these letters? 你什么什候處理完這些信件?(直接詢問,如上司對(duì)下屬)
When will you be seeing Mr White? 你什么時(shí)候見懷特先生?(委婉地詢問,如下屬對(duì)上司)
When will you pay back the money? 你什么時(shí)候還錢?(似乎在直接討債)
When will you be paying back the money? 這錢你什么時(shí)候還呢?(委婉地商量)
(3)?有時(shí)一般將來中的will含有“愿意”的意思,而用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)則只是單純地談未來情況:
Mary won’t pay this bill. 瑪麗不肯付這筆錢。(表意愿)
Mary won’t be paying this bill. 不會(huì)由瑪麗來付錢。(單純談未來情況)
瞬間動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法與意義
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■表示反復(fù)或重復(fù)
英語的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用于少數(shù)瞬間動(dòng)詞可以表示不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作,這類動(dòng)詞主要有jump, knock, kick, hit, nod, tap, wink, cough, shoot, drop等。如:
Someone is knocking. 有人敲門。
John is nodding his head. 約翰頻頻點(diǎn)頭。
He is jumping up and down. 他上下地跳著。
Why is she blinking her eyes? 她為什么老眨眼睛?
如果主語為復(fù)數(shù),某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)往往有“不斷”或“一個(gè)接一個(gè)”的含義,如:
People are dying in that part of the world. 在那個(gè)地方人們不斷地死去。
Men are dropping with malaria, dysentery and simple starvation. 士兵們由于瘧疾、痢疾或僅僅因?yàn)轲囸I一個(gè)接一個(gè)地倒了下去。
■表示即將發(fā)生
注意有些瞬間動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)并不表動(dòng)作的重復(fù),而是表動(dòng)作即將發(fā)生。如:
Mike is coming home on Thursday. 邁克星期四回來。
They’re having a party next week. 下星期他們將開一個(gè)晚會(huì)。
My sister is getting married next December. 我妹妹十二月結(jié)婚。
You’re young people. You ate only beginning to live. 你們是年輕人,剛剛開始生活。
■表示即將結(jié)束
有些瞬間動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)則表動(dòng)作即將結(jié)束,如:
I am finishing. 我快做完了。
It is ceasing to rain. 雨快停了。
The fruit is ripening. 這果子快熟了。
It was my painful duty to tell him he was dying. 要我把他即將去世的事告訴他,這使我十分為難。
靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的例子
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在通常情況下,靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),但是有少數(shù)靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞在特殊情況下可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),有時(shí)比用一般時(shí)態(tài)顯得更客氣。如以下例子均摘自詞典和名家的語法著作:
I am hoping you will come. 我希望你能來。(比I hope…顯得更客氣)。
Now I’m remembering it. 現(xiàn)在我想起來了。
How are you liking Beijing? 你覺得北京如何?(問初步印象)
I’m always hearing strange stories about him. 我老聽人講關(guān)于他的奇奇怪怪的事。
I’m forgetting that I promised to visit him tonight. 我差點(diǎn)忘了我答應(yīng)今晚去看他的。
Tina is resembling?her sister more and more. 丁娜越來越像她姐姐了。
I’m hoping that you will come and have a chat with me. 我倒希望你來聊聊天。
I’m wondering if you have any questions. 我倒想知道你們有什么問題。
Thank you so much for the binoculars. I’ve been wanting a pair for ages. 我非常感謝你送給我望遠(yuǎn)鏡。我一直想要一副。
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現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
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1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的定義
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)既可表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在所造成的結(jié)果或影響(此時(shí)通常連用的時(shí)間狀語有already, yet, just, ever, before),也可表示動(dòng)作從過去某時(shí)間開始,一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且還有可能持續(xù)下去(此時(shí)通常連用的時(shí)間狀語有this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 時(shí)間段, since +時(shí)間點(diǎn), for + 時(shí)間段)。如:
I have just finished my work. 我把工作做完。
Have you ever been to Beijing? 你曾經(jīng)去過北京嗎?
I have lived for ten years. 我在這兒住了十年了。
We have studied here since 2003. 我們自2003年來就在這兒讀書了。
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2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have / has + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成。
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3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的應(yīng)用
(1)?非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞go, come, leave, borrow, buy, die, join的完成時(shí)的肯定式不能與時(shí)間段連用,若要接用時(shí)間段狀語,則應(yīng)換成相應(yīng)的持續(xù)動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如:
He has been away for an hour. 他走了一個(gè)小時(shí)了。
Can I borrow that book? 我可以借那本書嗎?
How long can I keep the book? 這本書我可借多久?
注意:非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定完成時(shí)可與時(shí)間段狀語連用。如:
He has not borrowed the book since then. 從此以后,他再也沒有借這本書了。
(2)?have / has been to 表示曾經(jīng)去過某地,但現(xiàn)在不在那兒;have / has gone to表示現(xiàn)在已去某地,現(xiàn)在不在這兒。如:
He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company. 他去過加拿大,現(xiàn)在在我們公司工作。
Mr. Li is not at home. He has gone to Shanghai. 李先生不在家,他去上海了。
(3)?完成時(shí)的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑問句常用yet,但若already用于疑問句時(shí),表示一種出乎意外的驚訝。如:
Have you read it already? 你就看完了?
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4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與其他時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別
(1)?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響,屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)的范疇;一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作所發(fā)生的時(shí)間,屬于過去時(shí)的范疇。因此,過去時(shí)需跟過去時(shí)間連用或有表過去時(shí)間的上下文連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與過去時(shí)間連用。如:
I read the book two weeks ago. 我兩周前讀了這本書。
I have read the book for two weeks. 這本書我讀過兩周了。
(2)?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或剛結(jié)束;而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)目前的狀態(tài)。如:
They have talked for about two hours. 他們談了大約兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù))
They are talking. 他們在談話。 (強(qiáng)調(diào)目前的狀態(tài))
ago習(xí)慣上不與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用
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■在通常情況下?ago 只與過去時(shí)連用,而不與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。因?yàn)?/span>ago指的是多久以前的過去時(shí)間,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在過去,但它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響,因此兩者不能用在一起。如:
我兩個(gè)月前見過他。
誤:I have seen him two months ago.
正:I saw him two months ago.
■但是,有時(shí)為了行文的需要或使句子生動(dòng),ago可用于類似以下這樣的句子:
I had thought that he had died at least 20 years ago. 我原以為他至少在20年前就已經(jīng)去世了。
■以下句子 ago 雖然連用了動(dòng)詞的“完成式”,但并不是“完成時(shí)”。如:
If she’d had the chance, she’d rather have lived 100 years ago. 如有可能,她寧愿生活在100年以前。
If I had been Jane, I’d have walked out on him years ago. 如果我是珍妮,我?guī)啄昵熬碗x開他了。
when習(xí)慣上不與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用
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■when 表示“何時(shí)”“什么時(shí)候”時(shí),可用于過去時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài),但通常不用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如:
你什么時(shí)候和他首次見面的?
誤:When have you first met him?
正:When did you first meet him?
■但是,since when 可以與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如:
Since when have you lived here? 你從什么時(shí)候起住在這里的?
Since when have you become active? 你什么時(shí)候開始變得積極了?
Since when do you read newspapers? 你什么時(shí)候開始讀報(bào)的?
That was in 1949, since when things have been better. 那時(shí)是1949年,從那以后情況就好些了。
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過去完成時(shí)用法詳說
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1. 過去完成時(shí)的基本用法
過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)相似,也有“已完成”和“未完成”兩種用法,所不同的是,過去完成時(shí)將時(shí)間推移到過去某一時(shí)間之前,即所謂的“過去的過去”。具體地說,它既可表示在過去某一時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作,也可表示從一個(gè)較早的過去持續(xù)一個(gè)較遲的過去的動(dòng)作:
He had left when I arrived. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)時(shí)他已經(jīng)離開。
By six o’clock he had worked twelve hours. 到6點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)他就已工作了12小時(shí)。
2. 如何正確運(yùn)用過去完成時(shí)
正確運(yùn)用過去完成時(shí)最重要的是要正確理解“過去的過去”。“過去的過去”是一個(gè)相對(duì)時(shí)間,即它相對(duì)于一個(gè)過去時(shí)間而言,并在其過去。這種相對(duì)的“過去的過去”有時(shí)通過一定的時(shí)間副詞(狀語)體現(xiàn)出來,有時(shí)則可能是通過一定的上下文來體現(xiàn):
I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丟失的表。
The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋子里很安靜,大家都睡覺了。
"Was Jack at the office?" "No, he’d gone home." “杰克在辦公室嗎?”“不在,回家了。”
【注】有些通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的詞語,由于在一定的語境中,謂語動(dòng)作移到了“過去的過去”,也應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。比較:
We haven’t seen each other since we left Paris. 自從離開巴黎后我們一直沒見過面。
I saw Mr Smith last Sunday. We hadn’t seen each other since we left Paris. 上周星期天我見到史密斯先生了,自從離開巴黎后我們還一直沒見過面。
3. 表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法
過去完成時(shí)可表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法和打算,通常連用的動(dòng)詞是?want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等:
I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想來,但有事就沒有來。
I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想發(fā)言,但時(shí)間不允許。
We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didn’t. 我們本想你來看我們的,但你沒有來。
將來完成時(shí)用法解說
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1. 將來完成時(shí)的基本用法
表示到將來某個(gè)時(shí)間為止勢必會(huì)完成或預(yù)計(jì)要完成的動(dòng)作,由“will [shall]+have+過去分詞”構(gòu)成:
He will have arrived by now. 他現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)到了。
He will have gone back to England.他想必回英國去了。
When we get there,she’ll have gone to work. 我們到那里時(shí)她會(huì)已上班去了。
On Monday he’ll have been in Britain for three years. 到星期一,他在英國就滿三年了。
2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)與將來完成的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)以現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為參照點(diǎn),表示在“現(xiàn)在”以前完成的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)到“現(xiàn)在”的狀態(tài),過去完成時(shí)則以過去時(shí)間為參照點(diǎn),表示在“過去”某一時(shí)間以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)到“過去”某一時(shí)間的狀態(tài),將來完成時(shí)則以將來時(shí)間為參照點(diǎn),表示在“將來”某一時(shí)間為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)到“將來”某一時(shí)間的狀態(tài):
He has finished writing his novel. 他已寫完了他的小說。
He had finished writing his novel by the end of last year. 去年年底他就寫完他的小說。
He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year. 到明年年底他就會(huì)寫完他的小說了。
與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)一樣,在表示時(shí)間或者條件的狀語從句,通常要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來表示將來完成時(shí),而不能直接使用將來完成時(shí):
I will go with you when I have finished my work. 等我完成工作之后我就同你去。
若不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成(且不致于引起歧義),有時(shí)也可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):
I will go with you when I finish my work. 我完成工作后就同你去。
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時(shí)態(tài)詳解:現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
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1. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的定義
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某動(dòng)作從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且還有可能持續(xù)下去。如:
We have been waiting for him for two hours. 我們等他等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。
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2. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“have /has been + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。
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3. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的應(yīng)用
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)所用的時(shí)間狀語:this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 時(shí)間段, since +時(shí)間點(diǎn), for + 時(shí)間段。如:
They have been building the bridge for two month. 兩個(gè)月來他們一直在修橋。
They have been planting trees this month. 這個(gè)月來他們一直在植樹。
4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
(1)?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù),因此,表示動(dòng)作的完成,只能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),而不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
He has changed his idea. 他改變了想法。
(2)?在表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)時(shí),雖然既可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),也可用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行。因此在需要明確表示動(dòng)作還要持續(xù)下去時(shí),應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
We have been studying here for two years. 我們在這兒已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了兩年了。
(3)?有些延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(如 keep, learn, live, stay, study, work等),用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別不大。如:
I have lived here for many years.=I have been living here for many years. 我在這兒住了多年了。
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現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
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(1)?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作:
I have read the book. 我讀過這本書。
I have been reading the book. 我一直在讀這本書。
【注】有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(如work, study, live, teach, stay等)在表示持續(xù)一時(shí)間時(shí)用這兩種時(shí)態(tài)含義差不多(只是用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行進(jìn)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性):
How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在這兒工作多久了?
I’ve lived [been living] here since 1988. 自1988年以來我就一直住在這兒。
(2)?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常只陳述事實(shí),而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可表示一種感情色彩:
I have waited for two hours. 我等了兩小時(shí)。(陳述事實(shí))
I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(等得好辛苦)
(3)?現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)通常用來談?wù)撦^短暫的動(dòng)作或情況,若要談?wù)摃r(shí)間延續(xù)較長的動(dòng)作或情況或永久性情況,則通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
He has lived in Paris. 他(一直)住在巴黎。
He has been living in Paris. 他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暫時(shí)性)
(4)?不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞通常也不用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),但它們可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
I’ve only known her for two day. 我認(rèn)識(shí)她剛剛兩天。
They’ve been married for twenty years. 他們結(jié)婚已二十年了。
The war has lasted for a long time. 這場戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了很長時(shí)間。
(5)?現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài),若要用可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)代替:
The house has been painted for a month. 這房子已漆了一個(gè)月。
The problem has been studied for five days. 這個(gè)問題已研究了五天。
過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)用法詳解
?
一、結(jié)構(gòu)形式
過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“had been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,因此無人稱變化。
二、用法歸納
■過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示持續(xù)到過去某時(shí)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作(可算是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的過去式):
The ground was wet. It had been raining. 地是濕的。此前一直在下雨。
At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽車來了,我已等了半小時(shí)。
She was out of breath. She had been running. 她氣喘吁吁,她一直在跑來著。
He gave up smoking last year. He’d been smoking for twenty years. 去年他戒煙了。他抽煙已經(jīng)二十年。
■過去時(shí)間可用一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語表示:
When I first met her, she had been working in the company for ten years. 我第一次見到她時(shí),她在那家公司已工作十年了。
I had not been waiting long when a taxi drew up. 我沒等多久就來了一輛出租車。
She had been looking at the parcel for some time before she realized that it was for her mother. 這包裹她看了好一會(huì)兒才明白這是寄給她媽的。
Until/Up till then she had been living with her daughter. 到那時(shí)為止她一直和她女兒一起住。
■但在更多情況下過去時(shí)間由另一句子表示出來,毋需加上時(shí)間狀語:
Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她眼睛紅紅的,顯然她是哭了。
Jane was annoyed. Peter had been phoning her every night. 簡很不高興。彼得一直每晚給打電話。
He was very tired. He had been working all day. 他很累。他干了一整天活。
She couldn’t understand him. She hadn’t been learning English long. 她不懂他的話。她學(xué)語的時(shí)間還不長。
I woke up—I had been having a bad dream. 我醒了,我做了個(gè)惡夢。
She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day. 她很累了。她整天都在打信件。?
Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她的眼睛紅了,顯然她剛哭過。
We had been doing business with each other for years before we quarrelled. 在吵翻之前,我們多年來在業(yè)務(wù)上一直來往。
When I first met Ann, she had been working for Exxon for 15 years. 我第一次遇到安的時(shí)候,她已在??松靖闪?/span>15年了。
Jenny was annoyed. Jim had been phoning her every night for a whole week. 詹妮生氣了。整整一星期,吉姆天天晚上都給她打電話。
■有時(shí)上下文可說明是談過去的事,因此不需要時(shí)間狀語:
She had been watching TV all day. 她看了一天的電視。
I had been reading your book. 我一直在看你寫的書。
The rain had been pouring all night. 傾盆大雨下了一整夜。
We had been travelling in many countries. 我們一直在許多國家旅游。
■這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)也可用在某些從句中,這時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句的動(dòng)作之前而對(duì)其有影響:
I heard you’d been looking for me. 我聽說你一直在找我。
That was just the letter I had been expecting. 這正是我一直期待的信。
That was exactly what we had been trying to do. 這正是我們一直想做的事。
I wanted to know what had been going on. 我想知道一直在發(fā)生什么事。
The drive increased the fatigue she had been feeling. 開車增加了她一直感到疲憊感覺。
They said that they had been fighting for their rights all these years. 他們說這些年來他們一直在為他們的權(quán)利而斗爭。
三、特別補(bǔ)充
■凡不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能有這種時(shí)態(tài),但動(dòng)詞want (有時(shí)還有wish) 除外。如:
The boy was delighted with his new knife. He had been wanting one for a long time. 男孩對(duì)新小刀很高興。他早就想要一把了。
■過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
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將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)用法詳解
?
一、結(jié)構(gòu)形式
過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“will / shall have been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。
二、用法歸納
用法一:表示動(dòng)作從某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)間,至于是否繼續(xù)下去,要視上下文而定。如:
She will have been having treatment all her life. 她將終生受到治療。
By the end of next month he will have been here for ten years. 到下月底,他在這兒就夠十年了。
By this time next year, we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years. 到明年這時(shí)候,我們的業(yè)務(wù)住來就滿20年了。
By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years. 到今年年底他當(dāng)演員就滿30年了。
用法二:表示一種經(jīng)常性反復(fù)進(jìn)行的持續(xù)性動(dòng)作。如:
By the end of this month he will have been training horses for twenty years. 到了這個(gè)月底他馴馬就滿20年了。
By the end of this month he will have been climbing mountains for twenty years. 到了這個(gè)月底他登山就滿20年了
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過去將來時(shí)的用法說明
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1. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)與用法
過去將來時(shí)由“would+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成,主要表示從過去某一時(shí)間來看將要發(fā)生的事情(尤其用于賓語從句中):
He told us he would help us. 他告訴我們他會(huì)幫助我們。
I knew you would agree. 我當(dāng)時(shí)就知道你會(huì)同意的。
【注】在一定的語境中也可于其他從句或句子中:
It was a problem whether they would support us. 他們是否會(huì)支持我們還是一個(gè)問題。
It was six o’clock. The sun would soon set. 這時(shí)是六點(diǎn)鐘。太陽即將落山。
2. 過去將來時(shí)間的表示方法
除“would+動(dòng)詞原形”外,過去將來時(shí)還有以下常見表達(dá)方式:
(1)?用was (were) going to表示。表示過去某時(shí)準(zhǔn)備做某事:
Marsha was going to come with us. 瑪莎準(zhǔn)備和我們一道去。
I was going to leave when he came in. 他進(jìn)來時(shí)我正要離開。
【注】was going to在一定的上下文中有時(shí)可表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法或打算:
She was going to attend the concert last night, but she was too busy. 她昨晚本想去聽音樂會(huì)的,但她太忙了。
(2)?用was (were) about+不定式表示。表示在過去看來正要做某事:
I was just about to go to bed when he came to see me. 我正要睡覺,他來看我了。
(3)?用于was (were) due to表示。表示定于過去某時(shí)將要做某事:
They were due to leave at ten o’clock. 他們定于十點(diǎn)出發(fā)。
(4)?用“was (were)+不定式”表示。表示定于過去某時(shí)將要做某事:
He was to meet her at 10 on the street. 他約定和她10點(diǎn)鐘在街上見面。
【注】若表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)(或被取消)的計(jì)劃,則用was (were) to+動(dòng)詞完成式:
We were to have left at 6 last night. 我們本來計(jì)劃昨晚6點(diǎn)離開的。
過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)用法詳解
?
一、結(jié)構(gòu)形式
過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“would have been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。
?
二、用法歸納
過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到過去將來某一時(shí)間。動(dòng)作是否繼續(xù)下去,由上下文決定。如:
He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years. 他說到了春季學(xué)期末,他就學(xué)了三年英語了。
I want you thinking of food and wine, because these last years would have been miserable for you. 我要你只想吃喝,因?yàn)樽罱鼛啄昴愕纳顗蚩嗟摹?/span>
在間接引語中,將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)通常要改為過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
I know by this time next week you’ll have been working here for 30 years.
→I knew by that time he would have been working there for 30 years.
She will have been teaching in this university for 20 years by this summer.
→She told me she’d have been teaching in that university for 20 years by that summer
判斷動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)技巧
一、根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語與時(shí)態(tài)的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系
動(dòng)詞特定的時(shí)態(tài)常常與特定的時(shí)間狀語聯(lián)系在一起,如由this time yesterday可知用過去進(jìn)行時(shí);由so far, in the past three years, till now可知要用完成時(shí),等等。
At this time tomorrow ______ over the Atlantic.
A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly
解析:由時(shí)間狀語at this time tomorrow可知用將來進(jìn)行時(shí),故選B。
二、固定句型與動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系
在英語中,不少句型與一些動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用方面都存在著特定的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,如(1) 在“祈使句+and/or+陳述句”句型中,陳述句中用will表示的一般將來時(shí);(2) 在This/That/It is the second time that…句型中用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),若is改為was,就用過去完成時(shí);(3) 在no sooner…than…和hardly…when…句型中,前面常用過去完成時(shí),when/than后的句子用一般過去時(shí);(4) was/were about to do…when…或was/were doing…when…或was/were on the point of doing…when…句型中,when分句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過時(shí);(5) 在一個(gè)含有時(shí)間狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,如果主從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都是過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,一般來說,表示短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí),表示持續(xù)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞用過去進(jìn)行時(shí);等等。
Let’s keep to the point or we _______ any decisions.
A. will never reach B. have never reached C. never reach D. never reached
解析:這是“祈使句+or +陳述句”句型,陳述句的謂語要用“will+動(dòng)詞原形”,故選A。
三、根據(jù)某些動(dòng)詞與時(shí)態(tài)的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系
在英語里有些動(dòng)詞與時(shí)態(tài)有著特定的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,如see(看見),hear(聽見),find(找到) 等都不可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài);work表示機(jī)器不能正常運(yùn)行、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式;open, close, lock等詞表示門、窗等不能正常關(guān)、開、鎖的意思時(shí),常用won’t open /close /lock等,這時(shí)它們是以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
—Can I help you, sir?
—Yes. I bought this radio here yesterday, but it _____.
A. didn’t work B. won’t work C. can’t work ?D. doesn’t work
解析:此處的work是指radio不能正常運(yùn)行,應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式,故選D。
四、根據(jù)上下語境來確定時(shí)態(tài)
在絕大多數(shù)情況下,動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是由上下文來決定的,這就要求我們一方面要熟記各種時(shí)態(tài)的適用范圍,另一方面要求我們注意上下文的提示。
— Is this raincoat yours?
— No, mine ______ there behind the door.
A. is hanging B. has hung C. hangs D. hung
解析:根據(jù)上下文的提示,hang表示的是目前的狀態(tài),故選A。
over the years通常連用什么時(shí)態(tài)
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over the years 的意思是“這些年來”“經(jīng)過這么多年之后”“最近幾年”,通常表示的是從現(xiàn)在算起的過去幾年,因此通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如:
My tastes have changed enormously over the years. 幾年來我的愛好有了很大改變。
She’s brought us so much happiness over the years. 這些年來,她給我們帶來了不少的幸福。
Life was difficult then but things have got better and better over the years. 那時(shí)生活很艱苦,但情況已一年比一年好了。
有時(shí)連用其他時(shí)態(tài)。如:
I recall his many politenesses over the years. 我還記得他多年來很多有禮貌的事情。
句中的over the years不是狀語,而是修飾politenesses的定語。
英語中表示“本想”的6種時(shí)態(tài)
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1. 用come / go 等動(dòng)詞的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示。如:
We were coming to see you, but it rained (so we didn’t). 我們本打算來看你的,只是下起雨來了。
I was trying to help but I screwed up again. 我本想幫忙,反而又把事情搞糟了。
2. 用was [were] going to do sth 表示。如:
She was going to attend the concert last night, but she was too busy. 她昨晚本想去聽音樂會(huì)的,但她太忙了。
3. 用think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)表示。如:
I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想來,但有事就沒有來。
I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想發(fā)言,但時(shí)間不允許。
We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didn't. 我們本想你來看我們的,但你沒有來。
We had thought to return early but they wouldn't let us go. 我們本想早回來的,但他們不讓我們走。
若不至于引導(dǎo)誤解,有時(shí)也可用以上動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)表示“本想”。如:
I thought I could go, but I can’t. 我原以為我能去,但我(現(xiàn)在)去不了。
I meant to reason with you, but you won't reason. 我本想和你講道理,但你不肯講道理。。
He hoped to come with us, but he was too busy. 他本想同我們一起來的,但他太忙了。
4. 用hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 的過去式后接完成式不定式表示
I expected to have come early, but I missed the early bus. 我本來想早點(diǎn)來的,但未趕上早班車。
I meant to have told you about it earlier, but I could not come. 我本想早點(diǎn)把這事告訴你,但是我來不及了。
比較同義表達(dá):
We had intended to go to London.=We intended to have gone to London. 我們本來打算到倫敦去的。
5. 用would have done 表示。如:
I would have written before, but I have been ill. 我本想給你寫信的,但我生病了。
I would have preferred a bed, but beggars can’t be choosers so I slept on the sofa. 我本想要張床, 但是叫花子不能挑肥揀瘦, 所以我就睡在沙發(fā)上了。
6. 用should [would] like [love] have done 表示。如:
I should like to have seen it (but it wasn't possible). 我本想事前看到的(但這不可能)。
I would like to have gone to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. 昨晚我本想去參加晚會(huì)的,但我要加班寫一個(gè)報(bào)告。
in the past通常連用什么時(shí)態(tài)
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in the past的意思是“在過去”,所連用的時(shí)態(tài)有以下幾點(diǎn)值得注意:
1. 如果是用作時(shí)間狀語,可連用一般過去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),兩者的區(qū)別是:用一般過去時(shí),客觀地?cái)⑹鲞^去的情況;用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在影響。如:
In the past he had to read by candlelight. 過去他只得在燭光下攻讀。
I’ve been there many times in the past. 我從前去過那兒很多次。
2. 如果是用于名詞后作定語,句子時(shí)態(tài)可根據(jù)情況選用。如:
He could remember events far back in the past. 他能記得很早以前的事情。
He will never forget his miserable childhood in the past. 他永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了自己過去的悲慘的童年。
the other day通常連用什么時(shí)態(tài)
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the other day的意思是“幾天前”,相當(dāng)于a few days ago,所以通常與一般過去時(shí)態(tài)連用。如:
He caught a bad cold the other day. 幾天前他患了重感冒。
He left for Shanghai the other day. 他幾天前去上海了。
I got an email from Jim the other day. 早幾天我收到吉姆一封電子郵件。
注意它修飾非謂語動(dòng)詞的情況。如:
The man speaking to us the other day has gone to Japan. 那天同我們講話的那個(gè)人到日本去了。(句中的speaking等于who spoke)
類似的還有the other night(幾天前的一個(gè)晚上)。如:
I happened to see Alice the other night . 幾天前一個(gè)晚上我碰巧看見了艾麗斯。
one day與some day所連用的時(shí)態(tài)有何區(qū)別
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one day與some day均可用作狀語,表示“有一天”,但兩者所連用句子時(shí)態(tài)稍有區(qū)別:?
1. one day可指過去或?qū)?,即可用于過去時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)。如:
One day the temperature was 30℃. 有一天溫度達(dá)到30攝氏度。
I will [am going to] climb that mountain one day. 總有一天我要爬那座山。
One day people will be able to go to the moon on holiday. 總有一天人們可以到月球上去度假。
2. some day通常只指將來,即只用于將來時(shí)態(tài)。如:
We’re all going to be old some day. 總有一天我們都會(huì)老的。
Some day I’ll come back and marry her. 總有一天我要回來娶她。
注:有時(shí)雖然不是將來時(shí)態(tài),但句子意思表示的是將來意義。如:
You’re sure to regret one day. 你準(zhǔn)有一天會(huì)后悔。
I want to get married one day. But before that, I want to travel. 總有一天我要結(jié)婚。但在那之前,我要旅游。
另外,在特定語境中some day有時(shí)可指過去將來。如:
I never realized that some day I would be living in China. 我從未想到將來有一天會(huì)在中國居住。
forget的時(shí)態(tài)問題
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一、用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
forget用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示暫時(shí)忘了或一時(shí)記不起。如:
I forget who told me this. 我忘了這是誰告訴我的。
Oh, I forget where she lives. 啊,我忘了她在哪兒住了。
二、用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),表示遺忘的徹底性,即忘得精光。如:
I've forgotten where I put it. 我忘了把它放在哪兒了。
I've forgotten her telephone number. 我忘了她的電話號(hào)碼了。
三、用一般過去時(shí)
用于一般過去時(shí),指“過去”忘記。如:
I forgot to ask Tom. 我忘了去問湯姆。
To my shame, I forgot his birthday. 我把他的生日忘了,真不好意思。
since可與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)之外的時(shí)態(tài)連用嗎
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1. 當(dāng)since表示“自從”時(shí),不管它是用作介詞、連詞還是副詞,它都通常要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如:
I’ve worn glasses since my childhood. 我從小就戴眼鏡。
The works have been closed since January. 一月份以來這些廠就關(guān)閉了。
He’s put on a lot of weight since he gave up smoking. 他戒煙后體重增加了許多。
Nothing has happened since. 從那以后未發(fā)生什么事。
She moved to London last May and has since got a job on a newspaper. 她去年五月到倫敦?此后一直在報(bào)社工作。
有時(shí)連用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
He has been working since noon. 他從中午就開始工作了。
2. 在以下情況下可以連用除完成時(shí)態(tài)外的其他時(shí)態(tài):
①當(dāng)主句表示“多長時(shí)間”時(shí),動(dòng)詞可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(當(dāng)然也可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))。如:
It’s a long time since I met you last. 好久不見了。
It’s just a week since we arrived here. 我們到這里才一個(gè)星期。
It’s a long time since I met you last. 從上次見到你,已有很長時(shí)間了。
以上各句的it is也可換成?it has been,不過在口語或非正式文體中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的情形比較普遍。
②當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞為seem, appear等連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)。如:
It seems like years since we last met. 我們似乎幾年未見面了。?
It seems like years since I last saw you. 從上次見到你以來好像已經(jīng)有許多年了。
③當(dāng)主句和從句表示情況“變化”時(shí)。如:
She doesn’t come round to see us so much since her marriage. 自從結(jié)了婚,她不怎么過來看我們了。(原來經(jīng)常來,結(jié)婚后就不怎么來了)
Since he went on that course he thinks he knows everything. 自從他選了那門課程,他就認(rèn)為自己什么都懂了。(原來不認(rèn)為自己什么都懂,但選了那門課程后就認(rèn)為自己什么都懂了)
so far必須要連用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)嗎
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so far是否與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用,與它所表示的意思有關(guān)。
1. 表示“迄今”“到目前為止”時(shí),若so far所描述的謂語是一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),則謂語動(dòng)詞通常要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如:
So far there has been no bad news. 到現(xiàn)在為止還沒有什么壞消息。
So far the work has been easy but things may change. 到目前為止,這工作很容易,但情況可能有變化。
但是,若連用so far的謂語詞作并不表示一個(gè)持續(xù)的狀態(tài),而只是表示現(xiàn)在的一時(shí)的狀態(tài)時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞通常不用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),而用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
We’re (lying) ninetieth in the competition so far. 到目前為止,我們在比賽中排名第90。
另外,有時(shí)so far并非描述謂語動(dòng)作,而是間接地說明句中的某個(gè)名詞,此時(shí)的句子謂語需要具體語境來使用時(shí)態(tài)。如:
Production so far?this year is on target. 今年到目前為止生產(chǎn)已達(dá)到指標(biāo)。
She gave us a brief resume of the project so far. 她給了我們一份該項(xiàng)目迄今歷程的簡介。
2. 表示“僅到一定程度”“僅在有限的范圍內(nèi)”“如此之遠(yuǎn)”等時(shí),不一定要連用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),而應(yīng)根據(jù)句意的需要使用合適的時(shí)態(tài)。如:
I trust you only so far?and no further. 我對(duì)你的信任只到這一程度。?
We may as well finish the job, now that we’ve got so far with it. 我們已干到這個(gè)程度了,不妨把這工作干完。
My mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her. 我母親住得那么遠(yuǎn),我們很少見到她。
This is the first time后的從句通常用什么時(shí)態(tài)
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請(qǐng)看題:
—Do you know our town at all?
—No,this is the first time I __________ here.
A.?was B.?have been C.?came D.?am coming
【分析】此題應(yīng)選B。這與句中的this is the first time有關(guān):一般說來,在It [This] is the first time+that-結(jié)構(gòu)中,that-從句通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
It’s the first time (that) the boy has spoken to a foreigner. 這個(gè)男孩還是第一次同外國人說話。
It’s the first time that she’s seen an elephant. 這是她第一次見到大象。
有時(shí)以上結(jié)構(gòu)中的 first 也可換成 second,third,fourth 等;其中的time也可換成其他名詞:
It’s the first month that he has lived here. 這是他第一個(gè)月住在這里。
This is the second cigarette that he has smoked today. 這是他今天抽的第二支煙。
若It was the first time that-結(jié)構(gòu)中,that-從句通常用過去完成時(shí),有時(shí)也用一般過去時(shí),有時(shí)若有包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語,偶爾還可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
I was lucky because that was the second time I (had) visited Japan that year. 我很幸運(yùn),那是我那年第二次訪問日本。
It was the first time this year that he hadn’t [hasn’t] worked on a Saturday. 這是今年來他第一次在星期六不上班。
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