Unit7
Lead-in
access： have/gain/get access to?;?deny access?;?provide easy access;free access?;?difficult access;open access?;?quick access
alternative(a.)： alternative ways/approaches/methods?; ?an alternative?suggestion?;?an alternative route
aspiration： lofty aspirations?;?political aspirations?;?passionate aspirations?;?cherish a high aspiration?;?rekindle sb.'s early aspiration
condemn： condemn blindly/indignantly/mercilessly/severely/strongly/unjustly
democratic： democratic countries/system;the Democratic Party
disparity： economic disparity;disparity in age/rank;disparity between the rich?and the poor;disparity of tastes between husband and wife;ignore disparity
innovation：?introduce/make/oppose an innovation;technical innovations;an?unheard-of innovation;a radical innovation;an innovation in religion /in?computer science/in artificial intelligence
poverty： suffer poverty,fight/relieve poverty;extreme/severe poverty;poverty in?vitamins;poverty of blood;poverty of ideas
Segregation： racial segregation;segregation by age/sex;abolish/end segregation
stagnate： industry/economy/business/market/wages stagnate(s)
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Text comprehension
I???C
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1.Upward social mobility is mentioned as part of the evidence that "the gap?between aspiration and reality could hardly be wider.”The point is that?although we cannot say social mobility in America is utterly impossible,it is not?so likely in statistical terms,as detailed in Paragraph 4.
2.Because the inequality in education is the major cause that underlies "the?gap between aspiration and reality,"i.e.the lack of equality of opportunity in?America.
3.The major causes of the inequality of opportunity in education include
economic segregation,government policy and student loan debts.
4.The world image of the U.S.as well as its economic standing and stability will?diminish.
5.Learning from Australia and Europe to ensure universal access to higher?education in the U.S.
6.The author's thesis is presented at the beginning of Paragraph 2： "The gap?between aspiration and reality could hardly be wider."Then he advances?evidence of inequality of opportunity in current American society.Following?this isthe author's explanation of what has given rise to the inequality and his?understanding of the consequences of this phenomenon.Finally,he calls for?the nation to take measures "to level the playing field."
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Ⅲ
1.Although Americans may have different views about whether equality of?outcomes is desirable or not,almost all of them agree that inequality of?opportunity is unjustifiable.
2.Such stories as those written by Horatio Alger,where the heroes make a?success from scratch,were not intended to fool us,but since they've misled us?to contentment,it is just the same as if they had fooled us.
3： Does a child of poor or poorly educated parents have the same opportunity to?get a good education and advance into the middle class as someone whose?middle-class parents have college degrees?
4.It is hard to keep deceiving so many people on such serious issues for a longtime,and this is especially true in America,where self-deception has been going?on for decades already.
5.Inequality of outcomes and inequality of opportunity make each other公stronger than ever and weaken our economy.
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Structural analysis of the text
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The text can be divided into three parts the introduction(Paragraph 1.the body,(Paragraphs 2-12)and the conclusion(Paragraphs 13-15).the author's thesis is?expressed in the first sentence of Paragraph 2： "The gap between aspiration and?reality could hardly be wider."The author accounts for this tragedy in?Paragraphs 6-11.One reason is discrimination as described in Paragraph 6But the more important reason is the inequality of education,which is,of?course,related to the financial background of the family,.Children from wealthy?families have better education in terms of both quality and quality than those?from poor families.The inequality of education gives rise to the inequality of?opportunity.hence the failure of "our national myth."
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Rhetorical features of the text
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From the text we can find sentences of comparison as follows：
1....she has the same chance to succeed as anybody else,..
2.The gap between aspiration and reality could hardly be wider.
3： Today,the United States has less equality of opportunity than almost any?other advanced industrial country.
后面還有4~18,由于字跡模糊不清，略過
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Vocabulary
I
1.an invisible restriction
2.a minor reason to account for the phenomenon,i.e.the gap between?aspiration and reality
3.of all economic classes
4.at work;in operation;which are working
5.at the verge of survival
6.an exception in statistics,i.e： statistically unlikely
7.becomes successful
8.make the opportunity in education equal to all children of both rich and?poor families
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Ⅱ
1.true to
2.democratize
3.contingent
4.reaffirm
5.Alternative
6.commitment
7.stagnate
8.surpassed
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Ⅲ
1.disparity
2.underrepresented
3.contributing/contributory
4.reversed
5.drifting
6.discriminatory
7.diminishing/diminished
8.Suffice
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IV
B?A?A?D D?B?B?C
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V
1.reiterate (confirm)
2.class
3.wealthy
4.continuing
5.diminish (weaken)
6.reasonable
7.strong(solid)
8.crucial (urgent)
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VI
1.incapable of being maintained as right or valid
2.not hopeful;gloomy
3.overthrow;make void by a contrary decision
4.reduce;make less
5.dependent
6.moved slowly
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Grammar
I
1.have told
2.have sufficed
3.to be thinking
4.have achieved
5.have rightly claimed
6.have gone
7.have been
8.to be getting??????????running
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Ⅱ
1.to have worked
2.to be using
3.to have been made_(make)
4.to have found
5.to be lying
6.to be studied
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Ⅲ
1.must be joking
2.must be dreaming
3.may have forgotten about it
4.might have been stolen
5.should have phoned first
6.would have helped you if you had asked.
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IV
1.e.g.While I see what you mean,I can't agree with you.
2.e.g.The mistakes children make in learning to speak tell linguists more?about the language acquisition mechanism than do the correct forms they use.
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Translation
I
1.理想與現(xiàn)實(shí)之間的差距無以復(fù)加
2.霍雷肖·阿爾杰式乞丐變富翁的故事雖然不是成心糊弄人，但確實(shí)讓我們感到自滿自足，因此也可以說是哄騙了我們。
3.雖然職場(chǎng)中的性別差異不像以前那么大了，但依然存在無形的限制：公司高管中女性比例嚴(yán)重不足，在首席執(zhí)行官中比例極小
4.美國(guó)人逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到他們夢(mèng)寐以求的社會(huì)階層和經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的流動(dòng)性只是個(gè)神話而已
5.像美國(guó)這樣的富國(guó)，把高等教育弄得中層和下層民眾難以企及，這就失去了社會(huì)的良知
6.然而，更為重要的是：讓我國(guó)越發(fā)遠(yuǎn)離大多數(shù)國(guó)人共同的理想，這個(gè)代價(jià)我們可付不起
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Ⅱ
1.He is determined to surpass the achievements of his elder brothers.
2.Lulled by the almost uninterrupted economic growth,many European firms?assumed that this would last forever.
3."We're trying to democratize luxury,"Goldenberg told me as we were walking?in the industrial section of the town.
4.Virtually all western economies have seen wages stagnate or fall in recent?years.
5.The evidence suggests that our sense of touch is programmed to diminish?with age.
6.The report says design faults in both the vessels contributed to the tragedy.
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Ⅲ
機(jī)會(huì)均等是一個(gè)與種姓等級(jí)體系相對(duì)立、但并不與等級(jí)體系本身相對(duì)立的政治理想。其基本假設(shè)是：一個(gè)社會(huì)包含一個(gè)由理想的職位和不理想的職位、上等的職位和下等的職位組成的等級(jí)體系。一個(gè)社會(huì)中也可能有幾個(gè)這樣的體系。在種姓制社會(huì)里，個(gè)人在這個(gè)社會(huì)等級(jí)體系中的位置是由出身決定的。至少在父母的結(jié)合得到社會(huì)認(rèn)可的情況下，子公你女即可自然獲得父母的社會(huì)地位。在種姓制社會(huì)里，社會(huì)流動(dòng)性也許不是沒有可能，但空英只有一些人能夠被另一個(gè)社會(huì)階層接納，這要看他出生時(shí)所獲得的社會(huì)地位。與此相反的是：如果機(jī)會(huì)均等在社會(huì)上占上風(fēng)，那么個(gè)人在社會(huì)等級(jí)體系中的位置則取決于某種形式的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)過程，而且所有社會(huì)成員都有資格平等競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。對(duì)機(jī)會(huì)均等的觀念不同，對(duì)平等競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的理念的闡釋也不同。
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Exercises for integrated skills
I
What is equality /and what role should public education play in?equalization /are two of the fundamental questions that arise./For most?Americans,/equality of opportunity means /that no one should be denied?equal access to citizenship rights./John sums up the popular interpretation of?equality： /
“Equality of opportunity means /that all members of a society are given?equal chances /to enter any occupation or social class./It does not mean?everyone will have equal income and equal status;/rather,all have an equal?chance to compete for any place in society."/
Nowhere has the misunderstanding been more highlighted /than in public?education./Not only have fierce battles been waged,/but some of the most?serious attempts to correct the inherited conflicts /have occurred in the?schools./Multi-cultural education,funding,bilingualism,federal and state?legislation /are some of the notable efforts employed in recent years /to?equalize educational resources,practices,and opportunities.
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D C?H F?L?O?A?B?N?I
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