Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary

Section A

Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

“Eat your vegetables.” It’s probably the first piece of health advice that people remember hearing as kids, and they continue to hear it over and over again as adults. And why shouldn’t they? It’s next to impossible to have what would be considered healthy meals (21) ________ vegetables.

(22) ________ this, many adults still seem to stick to the no-vegetable diet they kept as children. If you fall into that category, you might be wondering (23) ________ there are healthy alternatives to vegetables, and if you can still get all the nutrients you need without piling so many plants on your plate.

Think about how many fruits and vegetables you eat in a day. Is it enough? Adults are advised to get a minimum of 4.5 cups of fruits and vegetables a day, according to the recommendation of the American Heart Association, (24) ________ encourages filing half your plate (or more) with fruits and vegetables at every meal.

Why? Because vegetables, (25) ________ ________ ________ fruit, are packed with micronutrients --- vitamins and minerals that help your body maintain all its functions. Most Americans, however, aren’t getting the right amounts of micronutrients that they need.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that only 9 percent of adults get enough vegetables and only 12 percent get enough fruit (26) ________ (meet) their daily recommendations. That’s a low number! Those who are on the no-vegetable diet (or maybe even low-vegetable diet) (27) ________ be more susceptible（易受……影響的）to cardiovascular（心血管的）disease, Type 2 diabetes, some cancers and obesity.

Fruits and vegetables are also helpful for those who are trying to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight (28) ________ they provide fewer calories for their volume when (29) ________ (compare) with other foods. That means the high-fiber, high-water content of fruits and vegetables will fill you up, (30) ________ you won’t be taking in too many calories for the amount that you’re eating.

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Section B

Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Violent song lyrics（歌詞）increase negative emotions and thoughts that can lead to aggression（攻擊性，好斗）,according to a study published in the May issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

The study ___31___ the ancient Greek “catharsis（情感宣泄說）” that claims that expressing aggressive emotion will later decrease aggressive behavior. Instead, researchers from lowa State University and the Texas Department of Human Services found that aggressive music lyrics ___32___ aggressive thoughts and feeling, which might perpetuate aggressive behavior and have long-term effects, such as influencing listeners’ perceptions of society and contributing to the development of aggressive personalities.

“This [study] ___33___ the first clean demonstration of violent lyric effects,” says lead author Craig Anderson, PhD, of lowa State University.

In five ___34___, Anderson and his colleagues asked more than 500 college students to listen to such violent songs as “Shoot ‘Em Up” by Cypress Hill and “Hit ‘Em Hard” by Run DMC, and such nonviolent songs as “Finger Lickin’ Good” by the Beastie Boys and “Love vs. Loneliness” by the Suicidal Tendencies. Researchers also ___35___ the lyrics of humorous violent and nonviolent songs like “A Boy Named Sue” by Johnny Cash and “Hello Mudduh, Hello Fadduh” by Allan Sherman.

After listening to the songs, the students ___36___ various word-association tasks to test whether they linked more non-aggressive words with aggressive words or filled ___37___ words with vowels to make aggressive words. They also reported their feelings of ___38___ as measured by the State Hostility Scale, ranking sentences based on their emotions after hearing the songs.

The results indicate a ____39___ between violent song lyrics and increased aggressive thoughts and feelings of hostility. Humorous violent songs also increased aggression levels, relative to humorous nonviolent songs, according to Anderson. The findings held even after the researchers controlled for the listeners’ gender and personality differences, as well as their reactions to the different performing artists and musical styles.

While more research on effects of violent lyrics must be done, says Anderson, yet another type of entertainment media, when referring to violence, “now has been demonstrated to have some ____40____ effects.”

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Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension

Section A

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

Raegan Byrd tries to complete her school homework every night. But the high school student in Hartford, Connecticut, uses her mobile phone because she does not have a computer or internet at home.

Smart-phones can connect to the internet. But they have small screens. Byrd has a hard time ___41___ between websites, and messages sent from friends. She says she tries to write school papers on her phone. But when there are internet connectivity problems, she writes them ___42___, she told the Associated Press.

The AP ___43___ information from the U. S. census（官方統(tǒng)計）and found that nearly 3 million students in the United States do not have internet at home. That is about 17 percent of all U. S. students. Nearly all American students have ___44___ to computers and the internet in their schools. But at home, the cost of internet service, and sometimes the lack of availability, ___45___ problems in rural areas, and even cities. Some call the problem, “the homework gap.”

____46___ a few years ago, Raegan’s school gave every stduent a laptop equipped with an internet hotspot -- providing them with internet. But the money for the program ___47___.

School districts, local governments in Connecticut and others have tried to help. Districts put ___48___ internet on buses and created hotspots. Many communities made ___49____ of restaurants and other businesses with Wi-Fi places where children are welcome to come and do their homework.

Some students study in the parking lots of schools, libraries or restaurants -- wherever they can find a(n) ____50____. Another option for communities is to provide access through unused television frequencies. The Hartford Public Library plans to try that next year.

The National Center for Education Statistics suggests that students with home internet get better scores in reading, math and science than ones who do not. The homework gap can hurt the door and minority students, creating ___51___ to their education.

The U. S. Department of Education gathered statistics in 2017 and ___52___ its findings in May. It found that the number of ___53___ without internet has been getting smaller, but 14 percent of homes in city ares and 18 percent of homes in rural areas ____54___ lack internet connections. About 33 percent of homes with school-age children that do not have internet say money is the reason.

In rural northern Mississippi, home internet is not ____55____ to some whether they can pay for it or not. A third of the 194 households in Maben, Mississippi, have no computer and close to half have no internet.

41. A. browsing ??????????B. unfolding ???????????C. opening ????????????D. switching

42. A. in mind ???????????B. by hand ?????????????C. on board ???????????D. at random

43. A. studied ????????????B. acquired ????????????C. transmitted ?????????D. spread

44. A. usage ????????????B. authority ???????????C. access ?????????????D. permission

45. A. raise ?????????????B. resolve ?????????????C. create ??????????????D. worsen

46. A. Until ?????????????B. Since ??????????????C. After ???????????????D. Before

47. A. gave in ???????????B. ran out ?????????????C. lost out ?????????????D. closed in

48. A. cable ?????????????B. limited ?????????????C. wireless ????????????D. convenient

49. A. lists ??????????????B. records ?????????????C. varieties ????????????D. categories

50. A. sign ??????????????B. signal ??????????????C. hint ????????????????D. clue

51. A. disorders ??????????B. connections ??????????C. losses ?????????????D. barriers

52. A. relieved ???????????B. arranged ????????????C. released ????????????D. researched

53. A. households ????????B. communities ?????????C. districts ????????????D. schools

54. A. even ?????????????B. ever ?????????????????C. still ??????????????D. yet

55. A. affordable ?????????B. available ?????????????C. applicable ??????????D. remedy

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Section B

Directions: Read the following three passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(A)

“I want to be just like you. You are from uptown, aren’t you?” the young man asked in the local slang with a broad smile unaware of the burning tropical sun. Selling bags of potatoes at the roadside, his extra-large T shirt and faded blue jeans were a proof to the universal influence of American pop culture in Africa. I had accepted a seat at his potato stand to take a break before concluding business in Accra that afternoon. Between busy sales serving customers stuck in traffic, he asked numerous questions about life in America, convinced that having a visa to the United States was like winning the lottery. How could I tell him that I envied his simple life and childish innocence when I was guilty of the silent culture that has helped to create a false image of Africans living abroad?

Outwardly, I looked like the poster boy for success visiting from the United states. My white designer shirt and matching pants were straight from the shopping malls in Detroit, where I worked as an engineer. Inwardly, I was caught in a web of ambition and cultural disappointment. My clothes suggested wealthy, yet I could not afford the numerous requests for money or to make gifts of my belongings. Uncles and aunties who were prepared to mortgage（抵押）their homes to help me leave 10 years ago now expected me to finance cousins hoping to make the same move to the United States.

America had fuliflled my ambition for the furthering my education and professional experience. I had arrived with the equivalent of a high - school diploma, and after 10 years, I hold a graduate degree and have a relatively successful professional career. Every inch of progress, however, hand been achieved through exhausting battles. My college education had been financed partly through working multiple minimum - wage jobs. I was fortunate to secure a job upon graduation, but adjusting to corporate culture made me pay another high price. Initially, I found myself putting in twice the effort just to keep up. Scared by a wave of layoffs, I went to graduate school part time because it was only way I knew that afforded me an edge in job security. It was as though I had run 10 continuous marathons（馬拉松）, one for each year abroad, and my body screamed for rest.

56. In the eyes of the young potato seller, the author seemed ________.

A. to be a successful man ????????B. to have won to lottery

C. to represent American culture ???D. to know a lot about the U. S.

57. At the bottom of his heart, the author feels that ________.

A. he wants to exchange places with the young seller

B. he is sorry for his cousins still living in Africa

C. his American dream has come true

D. he is torn between the two cultures

58. The author managed to enroll in a graduate school because ________.

A. studying graduate curses helped him adapt well to the life in the company.

B. a graduate degree was the minimum requirement for his career.

C. a graduate degree would give him an advantage over others in the job market.

D. he wanted to settle permanently in the U. S.

59. Which of he following is closest to the main idea of the passage?

A. An immigrant was accepted by the society after ten years of struggle.

B. An African American returned home with fame and fortune.

C. An immigrant returned home with an exhausted heart

D. A young African was climbing to the top of his career.

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(B)

The Honors Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology (HPBMB) is offered to mature high school seniors with strong academic ability and achievement who seek careers in biological or biomedical science. Students can earn both a Bachelor of Science (B. S. ) and a Doctor o Philosophy Degree (Ph. D.) in proximately 6 years.

Applicants to the HOnors Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology must be in their last year of high school.

Undergraduates will have the opportunity to work with top-level research Scientists in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and also in clinical laboratories with scientists that are associated with the department. They will conduct intensive laboratory work in the areas of biochemistry, molecular biology or nutritional biochemistry starting in the summer before their first fall semester starts. By spring of their junior year, students will prepare an undergraduate thesis as preparation for their entry into graduate school. At that time, they will start taking graduate courses and continue to do research with a graduate faculty member.

To be considered students must:

• have a combined SAT I score of 1400 ( combined Math and Critical Reading scores)

• meet the SAT II score requirement of at least 600 in Math, and one science (Biology, Chemistry or Physics)

• have complete eight semesters of English and mathematics and two semesters each of Biology and Chemistry by the time they graduate from high school

• complete all components of your Common Application for undergraduate admission by November 1 of your senior year

• complete a supplemental application from for the Honors Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

• include a counselor recommendation, three letters of recommendation from teachers in support of your application to the Honors Program and a personal statement.

  Send all Dual Admission Honors Program application materials to:

  Dual Admission Honors Programs

  Office of Admission University of Miami

  P.O. Box 248025

  Coral Gables, FL 33124-4616

  Fax number: (513) 529-7592 (513) 529-1950

  For more information on the HPBMB, contact:

  Dr. Thomas K. Harris

  Director, Undergraduate and Medical Education

  Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

  Office: Gautier Building, Room 111

  Phone: 305-243-3358 ?E-mail: tkharris@miami.edu

  60. We can learn from the passage that________.

  A. first-year students in a high school can apply for the program

  B. it’s possible for graduates to obtain both a bachelor’s degree and a doctor’s degree

  C. graduates are promised a chance to work with top biomedical scientists

  D. a thesis is not necessary if an undergraduate wants to go to graduate school

  61. Which of the following is an unnecessary requirement for application?

  A. A combined SAT I score of 1400.

  B. A combined SAT II score of 600 in Math and one science.

  C. Three letters of recommendation from his teachers.

  D. A letter of recommendation from the principal.

  62. What’s the purpose of this passage?

  A. To tell students how to learn well in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

  B. To introduce a very famous university, the University of Miami.

  C. To attract excellent high school graduates to apply for the Honors Program.

  D. To give information on how to contact Director of the Honors Program.

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  (C)

  The great nineteenth - century actor, Ira Aldridge, owned the mysterious ability to go beyond the barrier between performance and reality. Once, in 1827, as he played Shakespeare’s “Othello”, the violently jealous character who murders his wife, a man in the audience cried out, “She is innocent, Othello!” In another performance of the same scene, the actress playing Desdemona, Othello’s wife, lost herself in the part and screamed in true terror.

  Who was the American actor that succeeded so well in creating the illusion of reality on stage? Although the date and place of his birth are uncertain, it is known that Aldridge attended the African Free School in New York City during the early years of the century. Later, he joined a black theatre company that performed Shakespearean plays.

  After this theatre was forced to close, Aldridge moved to Europe. he attended Glasgow University briefly and became a citizen of Great Britain. Soon he was performing on the London stage in Othello, the play-that was to make him famous throughout Europe. He became known as one of the most powerful interpreters of Shakespeare in the world.

  On the stage, Aldridge was unforgettable. He had a clear, strong voice like thunder over the halls. His performances were so powerful that audience did not mind that he spoke in English while the others spoke in their native tongues. One Russian reporter, mentioning this phenomenon, said that is was the “power of his spirit” that caused audiences to give themselves up to him from the first moment.

  For his intelligence as an actor, Ira Aldridge received many high awards. A unique honor was given him by the students of Moscow when, after one Aldridge’s electrifying performance, they unhitched（解開）the horses of his carriage and pulled him through streets themselves!

  It is regrettable that Aldridge never appeared in his middle age in the theatres of his native country. In 1867, just as he was preparing to return to the United States for a performance tour, Ira Aldridge died in Lodz, Poland. Lovers of theatre throughout the world mourned（哀悼）the loss of the most unforgettable Othello anyone had ever seen.

  63. The man in the audience cried out probably because ________.

  A. he knew the actress who played the part of Desdemona

  B. he had forgotten that he was watching a performance

  C. he intended to prompt（給……提詞）the actors who forgot their lines

  D. he meant to warn an actor of the danger of falling off the stage.

  64. What does the underlined phrase “l(fā)ost herself in the part” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

  A. The actress walked off the stage angrily. ????B. The actress failed to remember her lines.

  C. The actress tried her best to act the part well. ?

  D. The actress believe herself to be the character in the play.

  65. Why didn’t the audience mind that only Aldridge spoke English?

  A. Because they all understood English anyway.

  B. Because there was always an interpreter on the stage.

  C. Because his performance was so good that the language didn’t matter anymore.

  D. Because his clear, strong voice conquered the audiences.

  66. According to the passage, what unusual honor was offered to Ira Aldridge?

  A. Members of the audience joined in his performance.

  B. Russian audience gave him high praise throughout his tours.

  C. He was invited to serve as an interpreter of Shakespeare’s plays.

  D. Moscow students unhitched his carriage horses and pulled him themselves.

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  ( D )

  ??Have you already abandoned your New Year’s resolution(新年打算)? No need to feel ashamed. Fully a quarter of the people give them up by the end of the first week. It seemed to be human nature to aim high and fall short.

  ???Scholars once thought that individuals would not smoke if they understood the bad site of smoking. Yet thanks to various explanations, no amount of evidence about smoking’s deadly effects proved to have much of an impact on quitting rates. It turns out that we have a much harder time changing our actions to agree with our thoughts than the other way around.

  ???Recently Ryan, together with his colleague Edward L. Deci, developed a model of motivation called self-determination theory to stick to a goal. “To maximize your chances, you need to figure out exactly why “you” are pursuing that objective in the first place. The ‘shoulds’ might get you going for a month or two, but they’re not easily sustained,” says Ryan. The theory posits(假定) that individuals feels most fulfilled when they are meeting their own essentials psychological needs: “budding up” and autonomy for example.

  ???Buddying up can increase your probability of sticking with a goal. To perceive your resolution as satisfying this psychological need, think about the ways your new habit will connect you to new people or bring you closer to your community. The thirst for autonomy is so strong, Ryan suggests, that if you are motivated only by external pressure(外部壓力), sooner or later you are bound to rebel and sabotage（破壞）your own efforts. Finding activities that meet your personal needs, on the other hand, will improve the odds that you will stay on target.

  ??We ignore the importance of these internal（內(nèi)在的）motivators at our peril （冒險）, as shown by research on the effect of financial incentives（獎勵）for losing weight. Short-term studies offered promising results, with cash rewards inducing people to shed more pounds than without the incentive. “Now we have long-term studies that show that the moment you take off the pay, people start relapsing(故態(tài)復萌),,”says Pedro J. Teixeira, a professor who co-authored a paper describing a much more successful weight-loss intervention. In the study, overweight women who had been encouraged to explore their personal motivations and to choose their own goals exercised far more, and lost significantly more weight, by the three-year mark than women who did not tap into their autonomy.

  ?If your goal originated from an outside source, you can still make good use of it. If a doctor tells you to watch your cholesterol, for example, you can ask yourself how your food choices help or hinder your pursuit of your larger aspirations, such as spending time with your grandchildren or travelling more. This process can help you see the external goal as a path to becoming the person you want to be, enabling you to embrace it more fully.

  67. The bad side of smoking fails to pull people out of the bad habits mainly because they ________.

  A. seldom truly believe in the deadly effect of smoking.

  B. generally neglect the deadly effect of smoking.

  C. fail to find enough evidence proving the bad side of smoking.

  D. are more likely to be influenced by different excuse.

  68. The study of persuading people to lose weight indicates that ________.

  A. money has a long-lasting effect on encouraging people to lose weight.

  B. internal motivators play a more critical role in the process of keeping a goal.

  C. both the short-term and the long-term studies draw the same conclusions.

  D. those who lack their own psychological needs performs better than those who don’t

  69. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

  A. External motivators can be changed internal to help keep a goal.

  B. Scholars have long believed in the theory of self-determination.

  C. A more realistic aim isn’t quite useful to keep one’s resolution on track.

  D. The self-determination theory has been put into wide application/

  70. Which of the following might be best title of the passage?

  A. Why we fail to stick to our resolutions.

  B. Meet your own goals by self-improvement

  C. Different approaches to human motivation.

  D. The importance of self-determination.

  Section C

  Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentences can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

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Ask anyone why there is an obesity epidemic(肥胖流行癥) and they will say that it's all down to eating too much and burning too few calories. _____________.

Now, obesity researchers are increasingly dissatisfied with such explanations. They believe that something else must have changed in our environment to cause such dramatic rises in obesity over the past 40 years or so. Nobody is saying that the "big two" -- reduced physical activity and increased availability of food -- are not important contributors to the epidemic. But they cannot explain it all. Earlier this year a review paper by 20 obesity experts set out the 9 most plausible alternative explanations for the epidemic. Here they are.

It is widely believed that sleep is for the brain, not the body. Could a shortage of shut-eye also be helping to make us fat？_____________People who sleep less than 7 hours a night tend to have a higher body mass index (BMI) than people who sleep more, according to data gathered by the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Similarly, the US Nurses Health Study found that those who slept an average of 5 hours a night gained more weight during the study period than those who slept 6 hours, who in turn gained more than those who slept 7.

_____________. But the nurses' study suggests that it can work in the other direction too: sleep loss may cause weight gain. One factor that could be at work here is the way sleep deprivation alters metabolism (新陳代謝). Leptin, the hormone that signals satiety (過飽), falls while ghrelin, which signals hunger, rises -- and this boosts appetite.

We humans, like all warm-blooded animals, can keep our core body temperatures pretty much constant regardless of what's going on in the world around us. We do this by altering our metabolic rate, shivering or sweating. Keeping warm and staying cool take energy.

There's no denying that ambient temperatures(環(huán)境溫度) have changed in the past few decades. _____________. In the US, the changes have been at the other end of the thermometer as the proportion of homes with air conditioning rose from 23 to 47 per cent between 1978 and 1997. In the southern states -- where obesity rates tend to be highest -- the number of houses with air con has shot up to 70 per cent from 37 per cent in 1978.

Could air conditioning in summer and heating in winter really make a difference to our weight？ Sadly, there is some evidence that it does -- at least with regard to heating. Studies show that in comfortable temperatures we use less energy.

IV. Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.

75. 待在這里知道我回來(until)

76. 為什么最近我不想吃肉了？（appetite）

77. 面對困難你越是鎮(zhèn)定自若， 就有有可能克服它們。(likely)

78. 這位帥氣的流行歌手微笑著走上舞臺，似乎非常自信，但事實上他非常擔心演出是否成功。（現(xiàn)在分詞）

VI. Guided Writing

Direction: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.

學校教師是否應該安裝使用空調(diào)( air-conditioner) 一直存在爭議。請你以李明的名義，給學校校長寫一封信，談談你對這件事的看法和建議，你的信必須包括以下內(nèi)容：

1. 表明你的觀點：應該安裝使用還是不應該安裝使用；

2. 安裝或不安裝的具體理由；

3. 如何解決相關問題

（注意： 信中不得出現(xiàn)真實的人名或者校名）

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