必修 5
Unit 1 ?Great scientists
核心單詞
1. characteristic
n.特色;特性;典型
adj.特有的,表示特性的;典型的
Kindness is one of his characteristics.和善是他的特性之一。
A characteristic of the camel is its ability to live for a long time without water.駱駝的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是不喝水也能活很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
易混辨析
character/characteristic
?character n.性格,品質(zhì)(本身具有的);角色,人物;字體,字符
characteristic n. 特點(diǎn),特征(用以區(qū)別于其他事物的)
2. defeat
vt.擊?。淮驍?;使(計(jì)劃、希望)落空
Our team defeated our opponent by 5:0.我們隊(duì)以五比零的比分戰(zhàn)勝了對(duì)手。
He was defeated in his plan.他的計(jì)劃失敗了。
易混辨析
??????????????????defeat/conquer/overcome
三個(gè)詞都含有“戰(zhàn)勝”、“擊敗”的意思。
defeat指“贏得勝利”,尤其指軍事上的勝利,如:defeat the enemy(打敗敵人)。
conquer指“征服;戰(zhàn)勝”,尤其指獲得對(duì)人、物或感情的控制,如:conquer nature(征服自然)。
overcome指“戰(zhàn)勝;壓倒;克服”,尤其指“感情”,如:overcome difficulties(克服困難)。
defeat/beat/win
defeat, beat都表示在戰(zhàn)斗或競(jìng)賽中“戰(zhàn)勝,打敗(對(duì)手)”,后接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。如:beat the competitor/the country/the team ...打敗對(duì)手/國(guó)家/團(tuán)隊(duì)……
win也表示“戰(zhàn)勝,贏得”,但它的賓語(yǔ)通常是比賽、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、獎(jiǎng)品或表示尊重、崇拜之類意義的詞。如:win a race/a battle/a war/a scholarship/a prize/a medal/success/friendship/reward ...贏得比賽/戰(zhàn)役/戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)/獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金/獎(jiǎng)品/獎(jiǎng)?wù)?成功/友誼/獎(jiǎng)賞……
3. attend
v. 注意;留意;處理(與to連用)=do with;
出席;到場(chǎng);照看;照料=take care=look after
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
attend school/college ?上學(xué)/上大學(xué)
attend a lecture/meeting ??聽(tīng)講座/出席會(huì)議
attend a wedding/ceremony ?出席婚禮/參加典禮
attendance n. ?出席;出席的人數(shù);伺候;照料
?We’ll attend to the problem later. ?稍后我們將關(guān)注這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
?Which doctor is attending you? ???哪個(gè)醫(yī)生為你看病?
4. expose
vt.暴露;揭露;使曝光,常與介詞to連用,表示“使暴露于(日光、風(fēng)雨等);受到風(fēng)險(xiǎn);使面臨”。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
expose sth./sb./oneself (to ...) 顯露或暴露于……
be exposed to ?暴露于……
Don’t expose it to the rain/wind.別讓它被雨淋/風(fēng)吹。
The soldiers in the open field are exposed to the enemy’s fire. 空地里的士兵暴露于敵人的火力之下。
?The crime of the corrupt officials must be exposed without any reserve. 對(duì)貪官污吏的罪行一定要毫無(wú)保留地予以揭發(fā)。
5. cure
vt.&n. 治愈,治療;常用于“cure sb. of ...”結(jié)構(gòu)中。
The doctor cured her of a bad cold.醫(yī)生治好了她的重感冒。
It is possible to cure the sickness.治愈這種疾病是可能的。
易混辨析
cure/treat/heal/recover
cure意為“治療;治愈”,多用于指藥物治療并治愈某種疾病或改正不良習(xí)氣。
treat為日常用語(yǔ),意為“治療;醫(yī)治”,指治療病人的全過(guò)程或活動(dòng)。
heal意為“治愈(傷口);醫(yī)治”,指治好外傷或燒傷后的部位,使傷口愈合,不用于指治療感冒等疾病。
recover意為“痊愈,復(fù)原”,主要是指從病中痊愈了,常與from連用。
That pill cured my headache.那種藥片治好了我的頭疼。
That will cure him of his bad habits.那將改正他的壞習(xí)慣。
There are only two doctors to treat more than 50 patients.只有兩名醫(yī)生來(lái)治療50多個(gè)病人。
The wound on my arm has healed.我胳膊上的傷已痊愈了。
He’s now fully recovered from his bad cold.他現(xiàn)在已完全從重感冒中康復(fù)了。
6. absorb
vt. 吸收;吸引;吸收(液體,氣體,光,聲等);汲取,理解(知識(shí)等);使全神貫注;吸引(注意等),后常接介詞in/by;合并(公司等);吞并;常接介詞into;承受;經(jīng)受。
聯(lián)想拓展
absorbed adj. 精神集中的 ????????????????absorbing adj. ?十分吸引人的
absorb from sth. ?從……中吸收 ??????????be absorbed in ?專心于,全神貫注于
Cotton gloves absorb sweat.棉手套吸汗。
So many good ideas! It’s too much for me to absorb all at once. 這么多好主意!我很難一下子完全吸收。
The old man was completely absorbed in the book.老人全神貫注地讀這本書(shū)。
The surrounding small towns have been absorbed into the city. 四周的小城鎮(zhèn)已并入到這座城市中。
7. blame
vt.責(zé)備;譴責(zé);歸咎于
n.責(zé)怪;(過(guò)失、過(guò)錯(cuò)等)責(zé)任
be to blame 應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)(無(wú)被動(dòng)形式)
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
blame sb. for (doing) sth. ?因(做)某事而指責(zé)某人
blame sth. on sb. ??因某事而指責(zé)某人
sb. be to blame for(doing) sth. ???因(做)某事某人應(yīng)受到譴責(zé)
The student blamed the teacher for his failure. 學(xué)生因失敗而責(zé)怪老師。
The careless driver is to blame for the traffic accident happening yesterday.那個(gè)粗心的司機(jī)該為昨天發(fā)生的交通事故負(fù)責(zé)。
8. link
vt. 連接;聯(lián)系
n. 環(huán);連接;聯(lián)系;紐帶
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
link ...to/with ??將……和……連接/聯(lián)系起來(lái) ???????????link up ??連接起來(lái)
The highway links Shanghai to/with Beijing. 這條公路連接著上海和北京。
Your story links up with his.你所說(shuō)的和他所說(shuō)的能聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
A lot of links fitted together form a chain. 許多鏈環(huán)連在一起組成鏈條。
Old friends are a link with the past. 老朋友是連接往事的紐帶。
易混辨析
join/connect/combine/unite
join指的是任何事物的直接連接,連接的程度可緊可松,含有“還能分開(kāi)”之意。常用結(jié)構(gòu)join ...to, join up。
connect指的是通過(guò)某種媒介物把事物連接起來(lái),事物的特征還保持著,常表示與技術(shù)有關(guān)的連接以及火車、飛機(jī)等實(shí)行聯(lián)運(yùn)。常用結(jié)構(gòu)connect ...with/to。
combine著重指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或事物為了共同的目的而結(jié)合在一起,結(jié)合后原來(lái)的部分可能仍不改變,但也可能失去其本性,常用結(jié)構(gòu)combine ...with。
unite強(qiáng)調(diào)緊密地結(jié)合成一體,含極難分開(kāi)之意,常用結(jié)構(gòu)unite ...with。
Please join this pole to that one.請(qǐng)把這根竿子和那根竿子接起來(lái)。
This flight connects with New York one.這班飛機(jī)在紐約可接上另一趟航班。
We should combine theory with practice.我們應(yīng)該理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際。
重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)
9. put forward 提出(意見(jiàn)、建議);推薦;提名;將表?yè)芸?/span>
He put forward a better plan.他提出了一個(gè)更好的計(jì)劃。
Can I put you/your name forward for golf club secretary?我推薦你(提名讓你)擔(dān)任高爾夫球俱樂(lè)部的秘書(shū)好嗎?
He puts forward several interesting plans.他提出了幾項(xiàng)令人感興趣的計(jì)劃。
It’s an explanation often put forward by our friend.這是我們的朋友經(jīng)常做出的解釋。
聯(lián)想拓展
put in ??打斷;插嘴;進(jìn)港
put off ??推遲;延期
put on ???穿;上演
put away ??放好
put down ???寫(xiě)下
put on weight ??發(fā)福;長(zhǎng)胖
put out ???生產(chǎn);撲滅
put up ????舉起;張貼
put back ???放回,送回
10. look into 調(diào)查;了解;研究;朝……里面看
聯(lián)想拓展
look around/round/about ???環(huán)顧四周
look after ??照顧;照料
look back ??回頭看
look back to/upon/on ???回顧;回想
look down upon ????俯視;輕視
look for ??尋求;尋找
look forward to ???盼望
look on ????旁觀
look on/upon...as ????把……看作
look out ???往外看;注意;當(dāng)心
look through ????透過(guò)……看;瀏覽
look up ????抬頭看;查閱
溫馨提示
look into與one’s face/eyes等連用,表示“注視”。
He looks into her face with great interest.他饒有興趣地注視著她的臉。
Let’s look into the problem together and figure out a way to solve it.讓我們一起來(lái)研究這個(gè)問(wèn)題,想出解決的辦法。
11. apart from ?除……之外;脫離開(kāi);此外
Apart from a few faults,he is a trustworthy teacher.除了少數(shù)的幾個(gè)缺點(diǎn)外,他是個(gè)值得信賴的老師。
Apart from being too large, the trousers don’t suit me.除了太長(zhǎng),這條褲子的款式也不適合我。
There can be no knowledge apart from practice.沒(méi)有知識(shí)能脫離實(shí)踐。
易混辨析
apart from/except for/except/besides/but for/in addition to/except that
apart from表示“除……外(別無(wú))”時(shí)相當(dāng)于besides和except for,但apart from還有“除……以外(還)”之意。另外,apart from, except for都可用于句首,但except不能。
except“除……”(不包括其后的賓語(yǔ)),besides“除了……還”(包括其后的賓語(yǔ))。另外,besides還可以作副詞,表示“并且,而且”。
but for表示“如果不是由于……”之意(=If it were not for...或If it had not been for...)。
in addition to 相當(dāng)于besides,表示“除……之外,還有”(包括除去內(nèi)容在內(nèi))。
except that后面跟句子,用來(lái)表示理由或細(xì)節(jié)。
12. make sense ?講得通;有道理;有意義(反義詞組make no sense)
Your story doesn’t make sense to me.你編的故事我聽(tīng)不明白。
It makes good sense to take good care of your health.照顧好你的身體是明智的。
聯(lián)想拓展
lose/recover one’s sense=be out of one’s sense ?失去/恢復(fù)知覺(jué);喪失/恢復(fù)理智
bring sb. to one’s sense ?使某人蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)
come to one’s sense ?蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)
make sense of ??理解;明白
make no sense ?沒(méi)有道理;沒(méi)有意義
in a/one sense ?從某種意義來(lái)說(shuō)
in all sense ??從任何意義上說(shuō)
in no sense ?絕不是;絕非
There is no sense in doing sth.做某事沒(méi)有道理。
重點(diǎn)句型
13. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.
每次暴發(fā)(霍亂)時(shí),都有大批驚恐的老百姓死去。
本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,every time引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,意思是“每當(dāng)……”,相當(dāng)于“when”。另外,此狀語(yǔ)從句中還有一個(gè)“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)。So many thousands of terrified people died是主句。
聯(lián)想拓展
類似的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)歸納:
each time每次;每當(dāng)
at the time在那個(gè)時(shí)候;(當(dāng)……)的時(shí)候
any/next/the first/the last time意為“任何/下一次/第一次/最后一次”。
the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly等都可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,意為“一……就……”。
She went to see him directly she got the letter.她一收到信就去看他了。
Immediately the meal was over, he switched on the radio.一吃完飯他就把收音機(jī)打開(kāi)了。
She came to the scene the moment she heard of the accident.她一聽(tīng)說(shuō)發(fā)生了事故,就立刻趕到了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。
The last time we talked he said he needed another two days.上次我們談話時(shí)他說(shuō)他還需要兩天。
14. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it ...
他把太陽(yáng)固定在太陽(yáng)系的中心位置上,而行星則圍繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)……
此句中“with+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(v.ing/v.ed/to do/adj./adv./prep. phrases)”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中常用作狀語(yǔ),表示方式,原因或條件等。
With the old man leading the way, we started towards the forest.在這位老人的帶領(lǐng)下,我們開(kāi)始向森林進(jìn)發(fā)。
She ran and ran with beads of sweat running down her face.她不停地奔跑,汗珠順著臉頰流下來(lái)。
Unit 2 The United Kingdom
核心單詞
1. convenience
n.便利;方便
聯(lián)想拓展
inconvenience n. ?不方便
convenient adj. ?便利的;適宜的
conveniently adv. ?便利地,方便地
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
at one’s convenience ?在某人方便的時(shí)候
for one’s convenience(of) ?為了某人的方便
for convenience’s sake ??為了方便起見(jiàn)
make a convenience of ??利用……
We bought this house for its convenience.我們買(mǎi)下這所房子是為了方便。
Please come at your convenience.請(qǐng)?jiān)谀惴奖愕臅r(shí)候來(lái)。
2. arrange
v. 安排;排列;協(xié)商
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
arrange for ??安排,準(zhǔn)備
arrange with sb. about sth. ??與某人商定某事
The child was required to arrange his shoes in a neat row by his parents.家長(zhǎng)要求這個(gè)小孩把鞋放成整齊的一排。
?He was arranged by his family to marry a girl of his own class.他家里安排他娶一個(gè)門(mén)當(dāng)戶對(duì)的女孩。
3. delight
n. 快樂(lè);高興;喜悅
vt.使高興; 使欣喜
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
take/find/have delight in ???喜愛(ài);以……為樂(lè)
to one’s delight ??令某人高興的是……
delight in ??嗜好;因……感到快樂(lè)
Sometimes an old movie can still delight the people who have a sweet memory for the old days.
有時(shí)一部舊片仍能給懷念舊時(shí)光的人們帶來(lái)喜悅。
The movie Xi Yangyang & Hui Tailang gave delight to millions of children.電影《喜羊羊與灰太郎》使千萬(wàn)小朋友獲得快樂(lè)。
4. debate
vi.& n.辯論;討論
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
debate with sb.about/over/on/upon sth.與某人辯論某事
under debate 在辯論中
open a debate 開(kāi)始辯論
易混辨析
debate/argue
?debate指各自陳述理由,強(qiáng)調(diào)公正、公開(kāi),氣氛較為激烈。
?argue意為“說(shuō)理;爭(zhēng)論”,通常指提出理由來(lái)支持自己的觀點(diǎn),并企圖說(shuō)服別人,著重使用說(shuō)理的方式來(lái)論證主張。
After much debate,we decided to move to Beijing.我們經(jīng)過(guò)充分討論后決定遷往北京。
They debated about the proposal for three days.他們?yōu)槟琼?xiàng)計(jì)劃爭(zhēng)論了三天。
I debated the idea in my mind until I feel asleep.我入睡前一直在思考這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
After a long debate the bill was passed in Congress.經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的辯論后,議案在國(guó)會(huì)獲得通過(guò)。
5. influence
n. 影響,有影響的人(或事)
vt. 影響,改變
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
have an influence on/upon/over... ?對(duì)……有影響
under the influence of ???受到……的影響
易混辨析
influence/affect/effect
influence指通過(guò)說(shuō)服、舉例等對(duì)行動(dòng)、思想、性格等產(chǎn)生不易覺(jué)察到的,潛移默化的影響。
affect 指產(chǎn)生的影響之大足以引起反應(yīng),著重“影響”的動(dòng)作,有時(shí)含有“對(duì)……產(chǎn)生不利影響”的意思。
effect指“實(shí)現(xiàn)”、“達(dá)成”,著重指“造成”一種特殊的效果。
My teacher’s influence made me study science at college.受我老師的影響,我上大學(xué)學(xué)了理科。
He was influenced by Michelangelo later on.他后來(lái)受到米開(kāi)朗琪羅的影響。
Africa’s climate is strongly influenced by the continent’s position on the globe.非洲的氣候受到它在地球上位置的強(qiáng)烈影響。
Fear affects some people by making them powerless to act.由于害怕,有些人束手無(wú)策。
6. available
adj.可獲得的;可購(gòu)得的;可找到的
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
available to sb. ?能夠被某人所用/為某人所獲得的
available for sth. ??能夠?yàn)椤玫?能夠用于……的
available to do sth. ?能夠用于某目的的
Tickets are available from the box office.售票處可以買(mǎi)到票。
He is not available for the job.他不適合做這個(gè)工作。
TV sets are available in any department stores.電視機(jī)在任何一家百貨公司里都能買(mǎi)到。
重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)
7. consist of ?由……組成(用于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))=be made up of
聯(lián)想拓展
consist in ?主要是;主要在于
consist with ??與……一致/與……并存
溫馨提示
以上詞組都不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
Our class consisted of fifty students at that time.當(dāng)時(shí)我們班有50個(gè)學(xué)生。
8. break away (from) ?突然逃掉或離開(kāi);斷絕往來(lái);掙脫(束縛);脫離;改掉(舊習(xí)慣);破除(舊做法)
The thief broke away from the policeman.小偷從警察那里逃脫了。
He broke away from all his old friends.他同所有的老朋友斷絕了往來(lái)。
You must break away from such habits.你必須改掉那些習(xí)慣。
聯(lián)想拓展
break down ???壞掉;打破
break into ?????闖入;打斷(話題)
break into pieces ????成為碎片
break out ?????爆發(fā)
break through ????突圍;突破
break up ???分解;結(jié)束;放假
break in ?????闖入;插話
break off ?????中止;中斷高手過(guò)招
9. leave out ?省去;遺漏;不考慮
You have left out the most important word in this sentence.你在這一句中遺漏了最重要的一個(gè)單詞。
Don’t leave me out when you invite people to your party.當(dāng)你邀請(qǐng)人們?nèi)⒓泳蹠?huì)時(shí),別把我漏掉了。
聯(lián)想拓展
leave for ??動(dòng)身到(某處)
leave alone ???不管;撇下……一個(gè)人
leave aside ???擱置
leave behind ????遺忘;遺留高手過(guò)招?
重點(diǎn)句型
10. There is no need to debate any more about why different words are used to describe the four countries.
沒(méi)有必要再去爭(zhēng)論為什么要用不同的詞去描述這四個(gè)國(guó)家。
there is no need to do sth.沒(méi)有必要做某事
聯(lián)想拓展
there is no doubt that... ??………是毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的
there is no possibility that... ???……是沒(méi)有可能的
there’s no point in doing sth. ???做……沒(méi)用/沒(méi)意義
It’s no good/ no harm/ no use doing sth.做某事沒(méi)有好處/害處/用處
there’s no use/no good/ no point(in)doing sth.做某事沒(méi)有用處/好處/意義
It is no wonder that...難怪……
There is no need to worry at all.根本沒(méi)必要著急。
There is no point in complaining; they never take any notice.埋怨沒(méi)用,人家根本不理睬。
11. It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London.這似乎很奇怪:這位發(fā)展了共產(chǎn)主義的人竟然在倫敦生活過(guò),并且在倫敦去世。
在“It is/was necessary/important/strange/incredible”及“It is a pity/a shame/no wonder”之后由 that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中用“should+v.”的形式,should可省略。此處“should have+v. ed分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)用來(lái)表示“竟然已經(jīng)……;居然已經(jīng)……”,表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的事態(tài)感到“驚奇、驚喜、懷疑”等。
It is necessary that he(should)be sent there at once.有必要馬上派他到那里去。
It is strange that the wheel should turn so slowly.真奇怪,這個(gè)輪子竟然轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)得如此慢。
It is a great pity/shame/that he should be so conceited.真遺憾,他竟會(huì)這樣自高自大。
I’m surprised that he should have been so foolish.我很奇怪,他竟然會(huì)這么傻。
Unit 3 ?Life in the future
核心單詞
1. impression
n.印痕;印記;印象;感想
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
have an impression of sth./doing sth. 對(duì)(做)某事有印象
make an impression on sb. 給某人留下印象
make no impression on 對(duì)……無(wú)影響/效果
give sb.a favorable impression 給某人留下好印象
an impression of one’s foot 某人的腳印
Your performance gave me a strong impression.你的表演給我留下了很深的印象。
What I said made no impression on him. 我的話對(duì)他不起作用。
聯(lián)想拓展
impress v.留下印象
impress sth.on/upon one’s mind 把……牢記在心上
2. lack
v.&n. 缺乏;缺少的東西
注意:lack作名詞時(shí),后常接of。lack作動(dòng)詞時(shí),既可作及物動(dòng)詞,也可以作不及物動(dòng)詞,作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),后常接for或in。lack不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
lack sth. 缺少某物
lack for sth. ?缺少;需要
for/through lack of... ??因缺乏……
no lack of... ?不缺乏
a/the lack of ... ??……的缺乏
He didn’t go there because he lacked courage.他沒(méi)去那里,因?yàn)樗狈τ職狻?/span>
The plant died for lack of water.植物因缺水而死。
They lacked for nothing.他們無(wú)所需求。
聯(lián)想拓展
lacking adj. 匱乏的;不足的;沒(méi)有的
be lacking in 缺乏(品質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)等)
She seems to be lacking in common sense.她似乎缺乏常識(shí)。
3. sight
n. 視力;視覺(jué);看見(jiàn);光景,奇觀;名勝
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
lose sight of ???看不見(jiàn);忘記;失去
catch sight of sth./sb. ??看見(jiàn)某物/人
at first sight ???初看之下;乍看起來(lái)
at (the) sight of ???一看見(jiàn)就……
out of sight ??看不見(jiàn)
be in sight ?看得見(jiàn),在眼前
Out of sight, out of mind. ?眼不見(jiàn),心不煩。
Last summer we had seen the sights of Beijing.去年夏天我們游覽了北京的名勝。
Crusoe was frightened at the sight of a man’s footprint.克魯索看到一行人的腳印,他非常害怕。
4. require
vt. 需要;要求;命令
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
require that+主語(yǔ)+(should)+動(dòng)詞原形 ???需要某人做某事
require sb. to do sth. ???命令某人做某事
require sth.(of sb.) ??要求(某人)某事
I will do everything that is required of me.凡是要求我的事,我都會(huì)辦到。
The situation requires that I(should)be there.形勢(shì)需要我去那里。
溫馨提示
require后接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句必須用should do的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其中should可以省略。
另外,表示“需要”,且是物作主語(yǔ)時(shí),后接動(dòng)詞 ing形式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,可以等于不定式被動(dòng)形式;在這一點(diǎn)上,need和want用法相同。
The house requires mending.=The house requires to be mended. 房屋需要維修。
All cars require servicing regularly.所有汽車都需要定期檢修。
They required him to keep it a secret.他們要求他對(duì)這事保密。
5. assist
vt.&vi. 幫助;援助;參與;出席
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
assist sb. in/with sth. ????幫助(某人)某事
assist sb. in doing sth. ?幫助(某人)做某事
assist sb. to do sth. ??幫助(某人)做某事
assist with ??幫助(照料,做);在……上給予幫助
I am willing to assist you whenever there is an opportunity.有機(jī)會(huì)我愿隨時(shí)幫你。
I’m afraid I can’t assist you, you have to go and see the manager. 我恐怕幫不上忙,你得去找經(jīng)理。
The headmaster assists with a lot of things when free.有空時(shí)校長(zhǎng)會(huì)幫忙做很多事。
重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)
6. take up ?從事;占(時(shí)間、空間、注意力等);繼續(xù)
This table takes up too much room. 這張桌子太占地方。
She has taken up a job as a teacher. 她當(dāng)上老師了。
This chapter takes up where the last one off.本章繼續(xù)上一章的內(nèi)容。
聯(lián)想拓展
take off ??脫掉(衣服等);起飛;打折;作為折扣而減價(jià)
take over 接管;獲得對(duì)……的控制或管理
take apart 拆開(kāi);分開(kāi)后將……分成許多部分
take for ?把……視作;誤認(rèn)為
take...for granted ?認(rèn)為……是理所當(dāng)然
take down ?寫(xiě)下;記下
take back ?收回(諾言)
7. sweep up 打掃;橫掃
These students are sweeping up dead leaves.這些學(xué)生們正在掃(攏)落葉。
He ran forward and swept her up into his arms.他跑上前去一把將她抱在懷里。
The whole country was swept up in the excitement.全國(guó)上下都沉浸在興奮的氣氛中。
We’d better sweep up all the bits of broken glass quickly. 我們最好快點(diǎn)把玻璃碴子掃干凈。
聯(lián)想拓展
sweep aside ?放/堆到一邊; 不予理會(huì)
sweep away ?清;消滅;徹底消除
sweep off ??掃清; 吹走; 大量清除
sweep out ??掃掉; 清除
sweep over ?將……一掃而光; (某種感情)掠過(guò)(……的心頭)?
重點(diǎn)句型
8. This is similar to the “jet lag” you get from flying,...這就與你乘坐飛機(jī)會(huì)產(chǎn)生時(shí)差反應(yīng)相似,……
聯(lián)想拓展
????when flying是when you are flying的省略形式。在有些表示時(shí)間、條件、方式或讓步的狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果謂語(yǔ)包含動(dòng)詞be,從句的主語(yǔ)又和主句的主語(yǔ)一致,或者主語(yǔ)是it,通常可以把從句中的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞省略。
When asked where’s the toilet, the waitress showed the way politely to the guest.
當(dāng)被問(wèn)及廁所在哪里時(shí),服務(wù)員非常有禮貌地給客人帶路。
Until finishing the homework, the child was allowed to watch the cartoon film.直至完成作業(yè),小孩才允許看卡通片。
If necessary, you can call help from the police.有必要時(shí),你可以向警方求助。
9. ...some chairs rose from under the floor as if by magic.……一些椅子就像變魔術(shù)一樣從地板下面升了起來(lái)。
注意:from后面有時(shí)可接介詞短語(yǔ)或where從句。
聯(lián)想拓展
from under the floor 從地板下面
from behind the door 從門(mén)后面
from under the table 從桌子底下
From under the tree the man kept an eye on the sheep. 那個(gè)老人從樹(shù)下留意著他的羊。
Unit 4 ?Making the news
核心單詞
1. eager
adj. 熱切的;渴望的
聯(lián)想拓展
eager的用法
表示渴望得到某物,后接介詞 for, after, about;
表示渴望做某事,后接不定式;
后接 that 從句時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)一般都用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”的虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)。
We are all eager for/after/about knowledge. 我們都求知心切。
He is eager for/after/about success. 他渴望成功。
He is eager to go abroad. 他渴望出國(guó)。
She is eager to see her parents. 她渴望見(jiàn)到她的父母。
He’s eager that they (should) come to see him.他很希望他們來(lái)看他。
易混辨析
eager/keen/anxious
eager 指“以巨大的熱情渴望實(shí)現(xiàn)愿望或達(dá)到目標(biāo)的”,有時(shí)也指“由于其他感情影響而表現(xiàn)急不可耐的”。
keen 指“對(duì)某人、某物懷有極大興趣或熱情的”。
anxious 指“熱切地希望實(shí)現(xiàn)愿望,并因顧慮愿望落空而心情不安,感到焦慮的”。
2. meanwhile
adv. 此時(shí);同時(shí);其間
n. 同時(shí)(=meantime)
meanwhile意為“同時(shí),在此期間”,作為副詞和名詞,表示在某動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生或存在期間將可能發(fā)生另一件事。它不用于說(shuō)明人或事物的另一面。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
in the meanwhile在此期間(=in the meantime)
They’ll be here soon. Meanwhile we’ll have some coffee.他們即刻就到,我們現(xiàn)在先喝點(diǎn)咖啡。
Meanwhile, my tongue was busy searching out the hole where the tooth had been.
與此同時(shí),我的舌頭正忙于尋找被拔牙齒的傷口。
Meanwhile, two other actors had carried two large food baskets to a shady spot under some trees.
與此同時(shí),另外兩位演員把兩個(gè)盛著食物的大籃子拿到樹(shù)下蔭涼的地方。
3. case
n.事;案例;情形;場(chǎng)合;狀況;事實(shí);實(shí)情;案件;訴訟;病癥;病例
This is a case of stupidity, not dishonesty.這只是個(gè)愚蠢的例子,并非不誠(chéng)實(shí)。
The police have a clear case against the prisoner.警察有充足的事實(shí)對(duì)付那個(gè)囚犯。
In this case I’m acting for my friend Mr Smith.我在這次訴訟中代表我的朋友史密斯先生的利益。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
as is often the case ?這是常有的事
as the case stands ??在目前的情況下;就現(xiàn)有的情況而論
in this/that case ??如果是這樣/那樣的話
in any case ??無(wú)論如何;總之
in case+(that)clause ?假使;如果;萬(wàn)一
in case of ??萬(wàn)一……;如果發(fā)生……
(just)in case ??以防(萬(wàn)一) (引導(dǎo)虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
in most cases ???在大多數(shù)情況下
Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot.倘若太陽(yáng)照射得很厲害,你就把帽子戴上。
In case of rain they can’t go. 萬(wàn)一下雨,他們就不能去了。
4. deny
vt. 否認(rèn);否定;拒絕相信;拒絕
He said that I had stolen his bicycle, but I denied it. 他說(shuō)我偷了他的自行車,可是我否認(rèn)了。
He denied his country. 他背棄了自己的國(guó)家。
He denies his wife nothing. 他對(duì)他的妻子有求必應(yīng)。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
deny oneself ???自制;克己;舍棄
deny doing sth. ?否認(rèn)做過(guò)某事
deny sb. sth. ???拒絕給某人某物
deny+that ??從句否認(rèn)……
易混辨析
deny/decline/refuse/reject
deny 指“堅(jiān)定地否認(rèn)某事為真實(shí)的”。
decline 指“較正式地、有禮貌地謝絕”。
refuse 是普通用語(yǔ),指“堅(jiān)決、果斷或坦率地(不友善地)拒絕”。
reject指“以否定、敵對(duì)的態(tài)度而當(dāng)面拒絕(通過(guò)拋棄或送走、專橫地拒絕)”, 主語(yǔ)可以是人或物,后接名詞,不能接動(dòng)詞不定式。
He asked her to go to the movies three times, but each time she rejected him.他三次約她去看電影,但每一次都被拒絕了。
5. cover
vi. (常與with連用)蓋;覆蓋
vt. 包括;涉及;報(bào)道
n. 遮蓋物;蓋子;罩子 (圖書(shū)、雜志的)封面
The town covers 5 square miles. 這座小鎮(zhèn)占地5平方英里。
I want to cover 100 miles by dark. 我想在天黑之前走完100英里。
The review covered everything we learned last term.這次復(fù)習(xí)包括上學(xué)期我們所學(xué)的全部課程。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
be covered with蓋滿;覆滿;充滿(羞慚,慌亂等)
from cover to cover ?從頭到尾一頁(yè)不漏
under the cover of ??在……掩護(hù)下;打著……的幌子
cover up ?完全蓋住; 蓋好
She covered the table with a cloth. 她用一塊布把桌子罩起來(lái)。
重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)
6. concentrate on 集中;全神貫注于
I can’t concentrate (on my studies) with that noise going on. 吵鬧聲不絕于耳, 我無(wú)法集中精力(于學(xué)習(xí))。
We must concentrate our efforts on improving education.我們必須致力于改進(jìn)教育工作。
Having failed my French exams, I decided to concentrate on science subjects. 我因法語(yǔ)考試不及格而決心專攻理科。
This firm concentrates on the European market.這家公司把工作重點(diǎn)集中在歐洲市場(chǎng)。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
concentrate one’s mind/attention on (upon)=fix one’s attention on=focus on=be absorbed in 把注意力集中在
聯(lián)想拓展
put one’s heart into sth. ??全身心地做某事
devote oneself to sth./doing sth. ??把自己奉獻(xiàn)給……
concentrated adj. ??極度的; 緊張的; 濃縮的
concentrated study/hate/effort
緊張的學(xué)習(xí)/強(qiáng)烈的仇恨/專心致志的努力
concentrated fire ??集中的火力
concentrated food ??壓縮食品
7. accuse ...of... ?因……控告/指責(zé)……
I don’t think anyone can accuse him of not being frank.我看誰(shuí)也不能說(shuō)他不坦率。
You can’t accuse Stephen of robbing the bank. He was round at my house all evening.
你不能控告斯蒂芬打劫銀行,他整晚都在我家。
易混辨析
accuse/charge
accuse, charge這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞都有“控訴,指控”之意,但它們后面所搭配的介詞不同。
accuse v.指控,控訴,常與介詞of連用。
charge v.可以指因?yàn)樾″e(cuò)而受的責(zé)備,也可指因違法而受到控告,與介詞with連用。
重點(diǎn)句型
8. What do you imagine will be your future occupation? Suppose you were to be a journalist for China Daily, do you know what kinds of jobs they have?
你認(rèn)為你未來(lái)的職業(yè)是什么?假設(shè)你即將成為《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》的記者,你知道他們要做哪些類型的工作嗎?
“be to+動(dòng)詞原形”的常見(jiàn)用法:
①表示“按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生某事或打算做某事”。
②指該做或不該做的事情(語(yǔ)氣上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示命令、吩咐或禁止的語(yǔ)氣。
③指能或不能發(fā)生的事情(接近于can, may),表示可能性。
④表示不可避免將要發(fā)生的事情,后來(lái)注定要發(fā)生的事情。
⑤用于條件從句,意為“如果想……,設(shè)想”(接近if ...want to/if ...should)。
We are to meet at the school gate. 我們將在學(xué)校門(mén)口見(jiàn)面。
You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.
孩子們,你們必須上床睡覺(jué),不準(zhǔn)吵鬧。我們的客人五分鐘之內(nèi)就要到了。
How am I to know what has become of him?我怎么知道他的遭遇?
His discussion with his new boss,Hu Xin, was to strongly influence his life as a reporter.
他同新上司胡新的討論對(duì)他的記者生涯必將產(chǎn)生很大的影響。
If you are to succeed, you have to make more efforts.如果你想成功的話,你必須更加努力。
9. A footballer was accused of taking money for deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the other team win.
一個(gè)足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員被控受賄,故意不進(jìn)球,好讓另一隊(duì)贏球。
易混辨析 ???????
?????????????????????so as to/in order to
so as to 意為“為了,目的是”,后接動(dòng)詞原形,在句中作目的狀語(yǔ),其否定形式為so as not to do sth.,可以轉(zhuǎn)化成so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句。
in order to也可以作目的狀語(yǔ),但是so as to和so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)不可置于句首,且so that 目的狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常含有can,could,may,might等詞。
She got up early in order to(so as to)catch the early bus.=In order to catch the early bus, she got up early.
為了趕上早班車,她起得很早。
He spoke loudly so as to be heard.他大聲說(shuō)話,以便讓人聽(tīng)到。
Unit 5 ?First aid
核心單詞
1. aid
n.& vi. 幫助;援助;資助
vt.&n. 幫助;援助;救助
They aided flood victims. 他們?cè)馐芩疄?zāi)的災(zāi)民。
They aided in solving the problem. 他們幫忙解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
first aid ??急救
aid sb. ??幫助某人
aid sb. with sth. ?幫助某人(做)某事
in aid of ??支持;為……籌措
aid sb. in (doing) sth. ???在……方面幫助某人
聯(lián)想拓展
表示一般意義的“幫助”或“援助”時(shí),aid 是不可數(shù)名詞;表示具體意義的“助手”、“輔助用品”時(shí),aid是可數(shù)名詞。如:A dictionary is an important aid in learning a new language.(字典是學(xué)習(xí)一種新語(yǔ)言的重要工具)。用作動(dòng)詞時(shí),搭配為aid sb. to do sth.幫助某人(做)某事(其中的 to 不可省略),也可用于 aid sb. in doing sth.幫助某人(做)某事。
易混辨析
aid/help/assistance
?????aid 表示經(jīng)濟(jì)或其他方面給予的幫助或援助,多指強(qiáng)者(或足夠者)援助弱者,多用于團(tuán)體。
????help 指給人精神或物質(zhì)上的幫助,強(qiáng)調(diào)受助者的需要,有利于達(dá)到一定的目的或目標(biāo)。
????assistance 多指?jìng)€(gè)人給予道義、知識(shí)、物質(zhì)等方面的幫助,所提供的幫助往往只起輔助作用。
2. injury
n. 損傷;傷害
Many common injuries happen every day in the home. 家庭中每天都有許多常見(jiàn)的意外傷害。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
do sb. an injury ??傷害某人
be an injury to sb./sth. ?傷害;危害某人/某事
escape injury ?免受傷害 ?
repair injury ?賠償損害
serious/severe injuries ?重傷
a slight injury ??輕傷
In the crash he suffered severe injuries to the head and arms.在事故中他頭部和雙臂受了重傷。
易混辨析
????????????????????????????injure/wound/hurt
injure指人在意外事故中受到的傷害,用于無(wú)生命物體的損壞,更多用于表示對(duì)人的某個(gè)部位的損傷。
wound 指利器或子彈對(duì)肉體造成的傷害。是出血的、嚴(yán)重的傷,特指戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的受傷。也指感情受傷。
hurt 指的傷害與injure 同樣嚴(yán)重,也可指較輕的疼痛,常指因不小心而引起的痛苦或意外地受到傷害。hurt 也可指對(duì)人的感情的傷害。
Your remark may injure her pride.你的話也許會(huì)傷她的自尊。
Blood gushed from his wound.血從他的傷口涌出。
Hurt other people, hurt yourself.害人害己。
3. situation
n. 形勢(shì);處境;事態(tài);局面;位置
易混辨析
situation/state/condition
situation指一定時(shí)期內(nèi)總的情況、形勢(shì)、事態(tài),亦可指國(guó)際、國(guó)內(nèi)形勢(shì),是可數(shù)名詞。
state用單數(shù)形式表示人或事物的情況及狀況,如外貌、心理、外觀等方面,可與不定冠詞連用,常用于in a state of或in a... state。
condition的單數(shù)形式表示人或物本身的狀況,在這個(gè)意思上與state相近;而復(fù)數(shù)形式則指事物之外的環(huán)境與情況,與circumstances意思相近。
When he later grew to dislike Eliza, he faced a difficult situation.
當(dāng)他接下來(lái)對(duì)伊麗莎的討厭與日俱增的時(shí)候,他陷入了一種困難的境地。
After that I give the students various situations and they make up sentences about them.
從那以后,我提供給學(xué)生各種各樣的情境,他們依照這些情境造句。
His business is in a good state. 他的生意很好。
The condition of the house was so bad that nothing could make it safe to live in.
房屋的條件太差了以至于不能安全地住在里面。
溫馨提示
situation與condition, occasion, point, case一樣,后常用where, in which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word?你能想像出可以使用這個(gè)單詞的語(yǔ)境嗎?
4. damage
vt.& n. 損害;毀壞
易混辨析
ruin/destroy/damage
ruin強(qiáng)調(diào)毀滅的徹底性,并且是一次性的行動(dòng)。這種毀滅也許力量不是很大,但其嚴(yán)重性卻使其不能修復(fù),它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是毀壞的長(zhǎng)期結(jié)果。
destroy指通過(guò)某種有力的或粗暴的手段使之毀滅或無(wú)用,一般不能或很難修復(fù),有時(shí)用于比喻意義。
damage則指對(duì)價(jià)值和功能的破壞,多用于無(wú)生命的東西,一般還可以修復(fù)。
The storm ruined the crops. 暴風(fēng)雨毀壞了莊稼。
The house across the street is in ruins. 街道對(duì)面的房子已是一片廢墟。
He has destroyed my hope. 他破壞了我的希望。
The earthquake destroyed a lot of buildings.地震毀壞了許多樓房。
The bridge was damaged by the flood.那座橋梁被洪水損壞了。
溫馨提示
destroy只能用作動(dòng)詞,而ruin和damage既能用作動(dòng)詞又能用作名詞。
5. present
n.禮物;目前
adj.在場(chǎng);出席;當(dāng)前的
v.頒發(fā);授予;贈(zèng)給
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
be present at ?出席
the present day=today ?今天
at present/at the present time=now ?現(xiàn)在
for the present=for the time being ?暫時(shí)
the present ??現(xiàn)在(相當(dāng)于名詞)
present sb. with sth=present sth. to sb. 把某物送給某人
present day attitudes/fashion現(xiàn)在的態(tài)度/流行款式
聯(lián)想拓展
present作動(dòng)詞,表示“給予,贈(zèng)送”之意,常用于present sth.to sb.或present sb.with sth.搭配中,此外,present作動(dòng)詞還有“呈現(xiàn),顯示;闡述,表達(dá);引見(jiàn)”等意思。
①作形容詞既可作前置修飾語(yǔ),也可作表語(yǔ),常意為“現(xiàn)存的;現(xiàn)在的;在場(chǎng)的;出席的”等。
②作不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),表示區(qū)別于過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)的“現(xiàn)在”;作可數(shù)名詞時(shí),意為“禮物”。
The same problem presented itself to her again. 同樣的問(wèn)題又在她身上出現(xiàn)。
He presented the school with a check for one million dollars.他贈(zèng)予學(xué)校一張一百萬(wàn)美元的支票。
May I present you to my husband?我可以把您介紹給我丈夫嗎?
We learn from the past, experience the present and hope for success in the future.我們學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)去,體驗(yàn)現(xiàn)在,希望成就未來(lái)。
I got many presents for my birthday.我收到很多生日禮物。
重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)
6. fall ill 生病
Hearing the bad news, he fell ill. 聽(tīng)到壞消息后,他病了。
聯(lián)想拓展
fall behind ???落后
fall sick ??生病
fall asleep ??入睡
fall down ???掉下;倒塌
fall in love with ... ??愛(ài)上……
fall off ???脫落;減少;從……上掉下 ??
fall into the habit of ... ?養(yǎng)成……的習(xí)慣
fall over ??跌倒;翻倒;落到……上
fall silent ???沉默
7. in place 在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢?;適當(dāng)
I like everything to be in place. 我喜歡所有的東西都放在原來(lái)的地方。
With everything in place, she started the slide show.一切就緒,她開(kāi)始放幻燈片。
聯(lián)想拓展
be in/out of order ?有條理/無(wú)條理;壞了
be in/out of control ??正常/失控
be in/out of danger ??有危險(xiǎn)/脫離危險(xiǎn)
in place of...=take the place of... 代替;取代
give place to ??被……取代;讓位于……
out of place ??不在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢茫?/span>
8. make a difference 有很大差別;有很大不同;有很大的關(guān)系/影響
Whether he could get the support from his parents made a great difference to the plan.
他是否能得到父母的支持對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃的影響很大。
Does it any difference whether hell attend the meeting?他出不出席會(huì)議有什么區(qū)別嗎?
聯(lián)想拓展
make a difference between ...and ... ??區(qū)別對(duì)待……
make some difference to對(duì)…… ??有些關(guān)系
make no difference to ??對(duì)……沒(méi)有關(guān)系
make all the difference ??關(guān)系重大;大不相同
重點(diǎn)句型
9. Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn.
除非衣服粘貼在燒傷面上,否則都要把衣服脫掉。如果需要的話,可以使用剪刀。
unless是連詞,意為“如果不,除非”。在真實(shí)條件句中,unless引導(dǎo)的肯定條件狀語(yǔ)從句,可以和if...not...引導(dǎo)的否定狀語(yǔ)從句互換。
Unless you change your mind,I won,t be able to help you.=If you do notchange your mind,I won ’t be able to help you.
除非你改變想法,否則我不能幫助你。
I want you to keep working unless I tell you to stop.=I want you to keep working if I don’t tell you to stop.
如果我沒(méi)說(shuō)讓你停,你就得繼續(xù)干。
注意:unless 不可用于假想的事情,因此當(dāng)if...not引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),一般不可改用unless。
10. John was studying in his room when he heard screaming.約翰正在房里學(xué)習(xí),突然聽(tīng)到一聲尖叫。
此句型中when作并列連詞,相當(dāng)于and then,意為“正當(dāng)……時(shí),突然”。
常用結(jié)構(gòu):
be doing...when... ????正在做……突然……
had done...when... ????剛做了……突然……
be about to do...when... ???剛要做……突然……
be on the point of doing sth. when... ??剛要做……突然……
?
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