?第三講 推理判斷類專項(xiàng)練習(xí)
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【分類真題】
（2019年全國(guó)卷二.B）
"You can use me as a last resort（選擇）, and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it." This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids' lacrosse（長(zhǎng)曲棍球）club.
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on… At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, "Alright. Yes, I’ll do it."
I’m secretly relieved because I know there’s real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.
Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community（社區(qū)）as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense, I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies?
24. What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph l?
A. She knows little about the club. B. She isn't good at sports.
C. She just doesn't want to volunteer. D. She's unable to meet her schedule.
【答案】.C
【解析】推理判斷題。本題題干意為：從第一段那位家長(zhǎng)的回答中我們可以推斷出關(guān)于她的什么？文章中，那位家長(zhǎng)的回答是“你可以把我作為最后一個(gè)選擇，如果沒(méi)有其他人愿意當(dāng)志愿者，那么我就做”。根據(jù)其回答可以知道，她其實(shí)是不太愿意做志愿者的，故C項(xiàng)正確。
25. What does the underlined phrase "tug at the heartstrings" in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Encourage team work. B. Appeal to feelings.
C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice.
【答案】.B
【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。本題題干意為：第二段中的畫線短語(yǔ)“tug at the he-artstrings"的意思是什么？根據(jù)上下文可知，此處表示“我”又試了一次，這回開始打感情牌。畫線短語(yǔ)意為“觸動(dòng)心弦”，故B項(xiàng)正確。A:鼓勵(lì)團(tuán)隊(duì)合作；C:促進(jìn)良好行為；D:提供建議。
26. What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?
A. She gets interested in lacrosse. B. She is proud of her kids.
C. She’ll work for another season. D. She becomes a good helper.
【答案】.D
【解析】推理判斷題。本題題干意為：從第三段中，我們能夠得知那位家長(zhǎng)的什么情況？在文章的第三段，作者記述了那位家長(zhǎng)在活動(dòng)中所做的事情，即安排飲食計(jì)劃、發(fā)送郵件、募集資金等，她成了團(tuán)隊(duì)中一個(gè)重要的成員。因此D項(xiàng)（她成了一個(gè)好助手）正確。
27. Why does the author like doing volunteer work?
A. It gives her a sense of duty. B. It makes her very happy.
C. It enables her to work hard. D. It brings her material rewards.
【答案】.B
【解析】推理判斷題。本題題干意為：為什么作者喜歡做志愿工作？根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段中的“Connecting to the community...provides a real joy”以及“Volunteering just feels so good.”可知，作者認(rèn)為，做志愿工作能讓她開心。故B項(xiàng)正確。A:這給予她一種責(zé)任感；C:這讓她能努力工作；D:這給她帶來(lái)了物質(zhì)上的回報(bào)。
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（2019年全國(guó)卷三.C）
Before the 1830s,most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"— a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny—usually two or three cents was charged —and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企業(yè))were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
28.Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?
A. Academic. B. Unattractive. C. Inexpensive. D. Confidential.
【答案】.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為：下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)對(duì)19世紀(jì)30年代之前美國(guó)報(bào)紙狀況的描述是最準(zhǔn)確的？根據(jù)文章第一段的描述可知當(dāng)時(shí)的報(bào)紙很昂貴，只有富人才能買得起。同時(shí)，當(dāng)時(shí)的很多報(bào)紙對(duì)大眾沒(méi)有吸引力。因此B項(xiàng)（沒(méi)有吸引力的）符合題意。A:學(xué)術(shù)的；C:便宜的；D:機(jī)密的。
29.What did street sales mean to newspapers?
A. They would be priced higher. B. They would disappear from cities.
C. They could have more readers. D. They could regain public trust.
【答案】.C
【解析】 推理判斷題。本題題干意為：街頭銷售對(duì)報(bào)紙來(lái)說(shuō)意味著什么根據(jù)文章第二段的描述，當(dāng)報(bào)紙開始在街頭銷售之后，價(jià)格很低，容易買到，所以C項(xiàng)（它們會(huì)有更多的讀者）符合題意。A:它們的定價(jià)將會(huì)更高；B:它們將從城市消失；D:它們將重獲公眾的信任
30.Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?
A. Local politicians. B. Common people.
C. Young publishers. D. Rich businessmen.
【答案】.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為：新趨勢(shì)下報(bào)紙的目標(biāo)群體是哪些人？根據(jù)文章第二段和第三段對(duì)報(bào)紙改革的描述，尤其是第二段的The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public.可知，新的趨勢(shì)為報(bào)紙大眾化。故B項(xiàng)（普通人）符合題意。
31.What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult process. B. It was a temporary success.
C. It was a robbery of the poor. D. It was a disaster for printers.
【答案】.A
【解析】推理判斷題。本題題干意為：我們可以如何評(píng)價(jià)“一分報(bào)紙”的誕生？根據(jù)文章對(duì)“一分報(bào)紙”發(fā)展歷程的描述，尤其是最后一段的This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well.(這種面向街頭普通人的報(bào)紙的新趨勢(shì)一開始發(fā)展得并不好?？芍?，A項(xiàng)（這是一個(gè)艱難的過(guò)程）符合題意。B:這是暫時(shí)的成功；C:這是對(duì)貧窮者的掠奪；D:這對(duì)印刷工人來(lái)說(shuō)是災(zāi)難。
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（2019年全國(guó)卷三.D）
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate（低估）a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction（小部分）of the smaller number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them. B. They named them.
C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
【答案】.C
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為：研究人員在對(duì)猴子進(jìn)行測(cè)試之前對(duì)它們做了什么？根據(jù)題干中的before testing them以及第二段第二句中的The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined定位至第二段，再根據(jù)第一句中的A team of researchers trained three Rhesus mon-keys可知答案為C項(xiàng)。A:他們給它們喂食；B:他們給它們起名字；D:他們測(cè)量它們。
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
【答案】.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為：在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，猴子們?nèi)绾蔚玫姜?jiǎng)勵(lì)？
根據(jù)題干中的reward定位至第三段的后半部分。根據(jù)第三段最后一句If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewar-ded with seven drops of water or juice...可知答案為B項(xiàng)。A:通過(guò)畫一個(gè)圓圈；C:通過(guò)觀看視頻；D:通過(guò)將兩種飲料混合。
34. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition. B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily. D. They could hold their attention for long.
【答案】.A
【解析】推理判斷題。本題題干意為：Livingstone的團(tuán)隊(duì)從對(duì)猴子的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么？根據(jù)第四段中 the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation可知，答案為A項(xiàng)（它們可以做基本的加法）。B:它們可以理解簡(jiǎn)單的文字；C:它們可以輕松地記住數(shù)字；D:它們可以長(zhǎng)時(shí)間保持注意力。
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science.
【答案】.D
【解析】推理判斷題。本篇文章出現(xiàn)了研究人員（researchers)、實(shí)驗(yàn)（ex-periment)、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果（the results of the experiment)等關(guān)鍵詞，向讀者展示了自然科學(xué)研究成果，因此本篇文章在報(bào)紙中應(yīng)放在科學(xué)版塊，故答案為D項(xiàng)。A:娛樂(lè)；B:健康；C:教育。
（2018年全國(guó)卷一.D）
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??We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (裝置)well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment- and our wallets - as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
??To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life - from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s.Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers， basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997.And WP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002，before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
??As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day ，you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices - We continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
??So what' s the solution(解決方案)? The team' s data only went up to2007， but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
32. What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly.
B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cost more to use at home.
D. They go out of style quickly.
【答案】.A
【解析】推理判斷題。本題題干意為：作者認(rèn)為新裝置怎么樣？根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知，繼續(xù)使用過(guò)時(shí)的裝置對(duì)環(huán)境和我們的錢包都不是好消息，因?yàn)樗鼈兣c新裝置相比，做相同的事情會(huì)消耗更多的能源。由此可判斷，作者認(rèn)為新裝置有利于環(huán)保。
33. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?
A. To reduce the cost of minerals.
B. To test the life cycle of a product.
C. To update consumers on new technology.
D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
【答案】.D
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為：為什么Babbitt的團(tuán)隊(duì)要進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)研究？根據(jù)第二段第一句可知，為了弄清楚這些設(shè)備消耗多少電量，Babbitt和同事們持續(xù)跟蹤每個(gè)產(chǎn)品在其使用周期內(nèi)的環(huán)境成本。D項(xiàng)意為“為了查清這些裝置耗費(fèi)的電量。”，與文章內(nèi)容一致。
34. Which of the following uses the least energy?
A. The box-set TV. ??????????B. The tablet.
C. The LCD TV. ????????????D. The desktop computer.
【答案】.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為：以下哪種裝置耗能最少？根據(jù)第一段可知新裝置耗費(fèi)的能量較少，而第二段則指出與其他幾種裝置相比，tablets(平板電腦）出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間最晚，為最新的科技產(chǎn)品，而且最后一段指出，tablets具有多種功能，比電視和臺(tái)式電腦消耗的能量少，故B項(xiàng)正確。
35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?
A. Stop using them ??????????B. Take them apart
C. Upgrade them. ???????????D. Recycle them.
【答案】.A
【解析】推理判斷題。本題題干意為：文章建議人們?nèi)绾翁幚黻惻f的電子設(shè)備？最后一段講到了解決方案，本段指出，研究人員探索了消費(fèi)者用有多種功能的電子產(chǎn)品替換陳舊產(chǎn)品后的結(jié)果。由最后一句可知，用平板電腦代替電視和臺(tái)式電腦來(lái)收看娛樂(lè)節(jié)目，會(huì)減少44%的能源消耗。由此可知文章建議人們不要再使用陳舊的電子設(shè)備，故A項(xiàng)正確。
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【模擬優(yōu)題】
Passage1 (2019甘肅蘭州一診，B)
In the past decade, the use of social media has grown in a way that no one could have guessed. It has turned some teenagers into celebrities and turned the famous into the infamous,overnight.
A key feature of social media, however, is its volatility.Trends come and go, disappearing almost as quickly as they appeared.
Short video apps such as Tik Tok and its Chinese equivalent(對(duì)應(yīng)物）Douyin,took the world by storm.The Telegraph reported that Tik Tok was ranked 8th on Apple's App Store in April. And Douyin had more than 300 million domestic monthly active users in June, CNBC said.
Why are these short videos-which are rarely longer than a few minutes-so popular? Jiang Yige, Singapore-based analyst at FengHe Fund Management, has a theory. "Short videos are just right to fill in the little gaps in our busy schedules,"he told CNBC.
These videos--apart from being very convenient--are important to teenagers because they allow them to express themselves,according to Teen Vogue.
Liza Koshy, a user of the US app Musical. ly who has over 2 million followers,said,"The sense of community that users of short video apps get is another appealing feature."
Live streaming(直播）is a feature of our social media life that now seems as natural as sunrise . It's a pretty neat idea : You can watch anyone , anywhere , live . However , China has taken live streaming to a whole new level. In China, more than 100million viewers monthly watch a live streaming video. Forbes thought that a number of factors had led to the popularity of live streams. Among them is viewers' ability to interact with others using unknown names.
?However, the quick development of social media may be having side effects too. Fake news is one serious problem it causes. Materials shared on these platforms are often not checked for accuracy. The most basic content can be false and can mislead users one way or another. We use social media all the time; that doesn't mean that we understand the influence it is having on us. We should be mindful of both the time we spend on it and its impact on our minds.
1. The underlined word "volatility" in Paragraph 2 possibly means "being__".
A.changeable B.steady
C.promising D.violent
【答案】.A
【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段的Trends come and go,disappearing most as quickly as they appeared.可知，社交媒體的一個(gè)主要特點(diǎn)是變化無(wú)常，某種趨勢(shì)很快出現(xiàn)又很快消失，由此可知“changeable"合社交媒體的特點(diǎn)。
2. According to Liza Koshy, short videos are very popular because_____.
A.they are very convenient
B.they help people kill time
C.they provide a sense of community
D.they allow people to express themselves
【答案】.C
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段Liza Koshy說(shuō)的話“The sense of cor munity that users of short video apps get is another appealing feature."知，他認(rèn)為短視頻軟件受用戶歡迎的原因是他們能從中得到團(tuán)體屬感，故C項(xiàng)正確。其他選項(xiàng)均不是Liza Koshy的觀點(diǎn)，故排除。
3.What do we know about social media?
A.The information from social media is totally reliable.
B.When it comes to social media,people only know short videos.
C.People can't communicate with each other without social media.
D. There is still much room for improvement in social media.
【答案】.D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，社交媒體發(fā)展迅速，但也帶些副作用，如虛假消息會(huì)誤導(dǎo)用戶，由此可見社交媒體有很大的提空間，故D項(xiàng)正確。
4.What is the author's attitude to the quick development of social media?
A.Objective.
B.Subjective.
C.Favorable.
D.Disapproving.
【答案】.A
【解析】推理判斷題。由全文可知，作者分析了社交媒體的發(fā)展以及帶的負(fù)面影響，作者對(duì)其發(fā)展持有“客觀”的態(tài)度，故A項(xiàng)正確。
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Passage 2
(2019寧夏銀川一中一模，C)
A study showed that the experiences children have in their first few years are important. These experiences affect the development of the brain. When children receive more attention,they often have higher IQs. Babies receive information when they see, hear and feel things, which makes connections between different parts of the brain. There are a hundred trillion(萬(wàn)億）connections in the brain of a three-year-old child.
Researcher Judit Gervain tested how good newborns are at distinguishing different sound patterns. Her researchers produced images of the brains of babies as they heard different sound patterns. For example, one order was mu-ba-ba. This is the pattern"A-B-B". Another order was mu-ba-ge. This is the pattern"A-B-C". The images showed that the part of the brain responsible for speech was more active during the "A-B-B" pattern. This shows that babies can tell the difference between different patterns. They also were sensitive to where it occurred in the order.
Gervain is excited by these findings because the order of sounds is building blocks of words and grammar."Position is key to language," she says. "If something is at the beginning or at the end, it makes a big difference:'John caught the bear.' is very different from ' The bear caught Jone’”
Researchers led by scientist Patricia Kuhl have found that language delivered by televisions, audio books, the Internet, or smartphones-no matter how educational-doesn't appear to be enough for children's brain development. They carried out a study of nine-month-old American babies. They expected the first group who'd watched videos in Chinese to show the same kind of learning as the second group who were brought face-to-face with the same sounds. Instead they found a huge difference.The babies in the second group were able to distinguish between similar Chinese sounds as well as native listeners. But the other babies learned nothing.
1.What makes connections in a baby's brain?
A.Having a higher IQ.
B.Getting new information.
C.The baby's early age.
D.The connections with other babies.
【答案】.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的 Babies receive information when they see, hear and feel things, which makes connections between differe parts of the brain.可知，嬰兒通過(guò)看、聽、摸等途徑接收到不同信息，這可以讓大腦不同部分形成聯(lián)系，故B項(xiàng)正確。
2. What did Judit Gervain and her team find in the
experiment?
A.Babies identify different sound patterns.
B.Word order is relevant to meaning.
C.Babies can well understand different words.
D.A certain brain region processes language.
【答案】.A
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段尤其是This shows that babies can tell the difference between different patterns.一句可知，實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，嬰兒在到“A-B-B”聲音模式時(shí)，負(fù)責(zé)言語(yǔ)能力的大腦區(qū)域比聽到“A-B-C”聲音模式時(shí)更加活躍，這說(shuō)明嬰兒的大腦可以區(qū)別不同的聲音模式，故選A。
3 . What does the underlined sentence mean in Paragraph 3 ?
A.Grammar is important in learning languages.
B.Different orders have different meanings.
C.Different languages have different grammar.
D.Words have different sounds
【答案】.B
【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段的“If something is at the beginning or at the end, it makes a big difference:'John caught the bear.' is very differ-ent from 'The bear caught John.'"可知，有些東西放在句首和句尾會(huì)有很大的不同，比如“John抓住了熊”和“熊抓住了John”意思是不一樣的，由此可知單詞位置對(duì)于語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)很重要的，單詞順序不同，意思不同。
4.What is the main conclusion from the study led by Patricia Kuhl?
A.Babies shouldn't watch a lot of television.
B.Listening to different languages develops babies' brains.
C.Foreign languages help babies' brains develop.
D.Social communication improves babies' brain development.
【答案】.D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的 Researchers led by scientist Patricia Kuhl have found that language delivered by televisions, audio books, the Internet, or smartphones-no matter how educational-doesn't appear to be enough for children's brain development.可知，通過(guò)電視、有聲書、網(wǎng)絡(luò)和智能電話等媒介的語(yǔ)言教學(xué)，無(wú)論教育意義多大，對(duì)于嬰兒大腦發(fā)育都是不夠的，根據(jù)下文可知，面對(duì)面的語(yǔ)言輸入才有效，故D項(xiàng)正確。
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