?2018年英語中考?xì)w納復(fù)習(xí)專題:連詞與從句
【連詞】
用來連接詞與詞、短語與短語,以及句子與句子的詞叫連詞。連詞屬于虛詞,在句中不能單獨使用。連詞按其性質(zhì)可分為兩類:并列連詞和從屬連詞。從屬連詞主要用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句和狀語從句。
1.并列連詞
并列連詞是指用來連接并列的單詞、短語、從句或句子的連詞(如and,but,or,so等),可表示并列、順承、轉(zhuǎn)折、選擇、因果等關(guān)系。常見并列連詞(短語)用法如下:
關(guān)系
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連詞(短語)
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意義
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例句
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說明
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并列
關(guān)系
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and
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和;又
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She?is?kind?and?patient.她既友好又有耐心。
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表并列,and前后的詞意義相近,否定句中用or。
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然后
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He?came?in?and?took?off?his?coat.他進(jìn)來然后脫掉外套。
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表示動作先后。
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那么
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Be?careful,and?you?will?make?fewer?mistakes.細(xì)心點,你就會少犯錯誤。
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祈使句+and+陳述句(表結(jié)果)。
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both...
and...
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兩者都
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Both?Linda?and?Amy?like?reading.琳達(dá)和埃米都喜歡閱讀。
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連接并列主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
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并列關(guān)系
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neither...
nor...
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既不……
也不……
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Mr.Gao?neither?drinks?nor?smokes.高先生既不喝酒也不抽煙。
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連接并列主語時,謂語動詞的形式遵循“就近原則”。
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not?only...
but?also...
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不但……
而且……
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Not?only?he?but?also?I?am?excited?about?the?news.不但他而且我也對這個消息感到興奮。
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轉(zhuǎn)折
關(guān)系
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but
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但是
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The?man?is?poor,but?he?is?happy.這個人很窮,但他很快樂。
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不能與(al)though同時使用。
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while
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然而
?
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I?like?red?while?she?likes?blue.我喜歡紅色而她喜歡藍(lán)色。
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強(qiáng)調(diào)對比關(guān)系。
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選擇
關(guān)系
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or
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或者
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Who?is?taller,Sam?or?John?誰更高,薩姆還是約翰?
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表示選擇。
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否則;
要不然
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Study?hard,or?you’ll?fail?the?exam.努力學(xué)習(xí),否則你會考試不及格。
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祈使句+or+陳述句(表結(jié)果)。
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either...
or...
?
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或者……
或者……
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Either?milk?or?coffee?is?OK.牛奶或咖啡都可以。
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連接并列主語時,謂語動詞的形式遵循“就近原則”。
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因果
關(guān)系
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so
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因此;
所以
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He?was?ill,so?he?didn’t?go?to?school.他生病了,因此沒有去上學(xué)。
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不能與because同時使用。
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2.從屬連詞從屬連詞主要用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句(if,whether)和狀語從句(如when,because,until等)。
常見從屬連詞用法見以下考點2賓語從句和考點3狀語從句的講解。【考點訓(xùn)練1】
1.The flight was delayed by the storm,_____ the passengers had to wait at the airport. ( ????)
A.but ??????????????B.or ???????????????C.so ???????????????D.for
2.There’s no ticket left for Lang Lang’s piano concert. ___you ___ your sister can go to it. ( ????)
A.Both;and ??????????????????????????B.Not only;but also
C.Either;or ???????????????????????????D.Neither;nor
3.Lucy is very young,___ she can live on her own.
( ????)
A.and ??????????????B.or ?????????????C.so ??????????????D.but
4.—I want to be a teacher when I grow up.
—Work hard, ___ your dream will come true. ( ????)
A.or ???????????????????????????????????????B.and
C.but ??????????????????????????????????????D.if
5.—Tina,put your heart into study,___ you’ll fail the coming math exam.
—OK,I will. ( ????)
-
and ??????????????B.but ???????????????C.or ???????????????D.so
答案:C DDBC
【賓語從句】
在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)賓語的從句叫賓語從句。其結(jié)構(gòu)是:主句+引導(dǎo)詞+從句。
學(xué)習(xí)時要掌握賓語從句的三要素:引導(dǎo)詞、語序、時態(tài)
1.引導(dǎo)詞
引導(dǎo)詞
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作用
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例句
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that
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本身無意義,只起連接作用,口語中可省略。
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He?said?(that)?Kate?was?good?at?swimming.他說凱特擅長游泳。
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if/whether
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意為“是否”,不作句子成分,但不能省略。
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He?asked?me?if?Miss?Gao?was?a?teacher.他問我高小姐是否是一位老師。
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what,which,who,whose,
whom
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連接代詞,在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分(作主語、賓語、定語等)。
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I?don’t?know?what?they?are?going?to?do.我不知道他們將要做什么。
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when,where,why,how
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連接副詞,在從句中通常作狀語。
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Could?you?tell?me?where?you?are?going?你能告訴我你要去哪兒嗎?
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2.語序
賓語從句要用陳述句語序:主語+謂語+其他。如:
Do you know where the nearest hotel is?
你知道最近的旅館在哪里嗎?
-
時態(tài)
時態(tài)規(guī)律
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例句
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主句為一般現(xiàn)在時時,賓語從句的時態(tài)不受主句時態(tài)的限制,根據(jù)實際情況使用相應(yīng)的時態(tài)。
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I?remember?he?gave?me?a?book?yesterday.我記得他昨天給了我一本書。
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主句為(一般)過去時時,賓語從句只能使用過去的某種時態(tài)。
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Kate?asked?what?Tom?was?doing?then.凱特問湯姆那時正在做什么。
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從句表示的是客觀事實、真理等時,賓語從句的時態(tài)不受主句時態(tài)的限制,用一般現(xiàn)在時。
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Mr.Gao?told?us?that?light?travels?faster?than?sound.高老師告訴我們光比聲音傳播得快。
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注意:在以Could you 開頭的復(fù)合句中,could通常不表示過去時態(tài),僅表示委婉語氣,從句的時態(tài)要根據(jù)實際情況而定。如:
Could you tell me where Helen lives?你能告訴我海倫住在哪里嗎?
Could you tell me where you went last weekend?你能告訴我上周末你去了哪里嗎?
要點提醒:
賓語從句的簡化
當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是tell,ask,show,teach等,且后帶雙賓語,從句主語和間接賓語一致時,賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。此結(jié)構(gòu)中的疑問詞包括what,which,how,when,where等。如:Could you tell me how I can get to the station?→Could you tell me how to get to the station?
【考點訓(xùn)練2】
1.—Do you know _____ they listened to yesterday evening?
—Some English songs,I guess. ( ???)
A.what ????????????????????????????????????B.when
C.why ?????????????????????????????????????D.how
2.Could you tell me ___ a moment ago? ( ????)
A.what were they talking about
B.what are they talking about
C.what they were talking about
D.what they are talking about
3.—Can you tell me ____?
—Sure.He lives on Center Street. ( ?????)
A.where does he live
B.where he lives
C.why he lives there
D.what does he do
4.—Could you please tell me ____?
—Sorry,I’m new here. ( ????)
A.where can I buy some juice
B.when does the supermarket close
C.how to get to the library
D.what time does the movie begin
答案:ACBC
狀語從句
在復(fù)合句中用作狀語的從句叫狀語從句。根據(jù)其表達(dá)的意思可分為時間、條件、原因、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、比較、地點、方式等類型。具體用法如下:
類型
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引導(dǎo)詞
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例句
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時間狀
語從句
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when,while,as,before,after,since,not...until...,as?soon?as
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I?was?watching?TV?while?my?mom?was?cooking.我看電視的時候,我媽媽在做飯。
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條件狀
語從句
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if,as?long?as,unless
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We?will?go?for?a?picnic?if?it?doesn’t?rain.如果不下雨,我們就去野餐。
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原因狀
語從句
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because,as,since
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Since?we?have?got?ready?for?it,let’s?set?off.既然我們做好了準(zhǔn)備,那就出發(fā)吧。
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目的狀
語從句
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so?that,in?order?that
?
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He?got?up?early?so?that?he?could?catch?his?train.他為了趕上火車起得很早。
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結(jié)果狀
語從句
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so/such...that...
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It?is?such?a?heavy?box?that?I?can’t?carry?it.這個盒子如此重我搬不動它。
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讓步狀
語從句
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though,although,even?if/though,whatever,whenever...
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He?often?helps?others?though?he?is?not?rich.盡管他不富裕,但他經(jīng)常幫助別人。
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比較狀
語從句
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than,as...as...,not?as/so...as...
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He?ran?as?fast?as?Jim.他跑得和吉姆一樣快。
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地點狀
語從句
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where,wherever
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Bob?would?like?to?go?wherever?he?likes.鮑勃想去他喜歡的任何地方。
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方式狀
語從句
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as,as?if/though
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You?speak?as?if?you?had?really?been?there.你講得好像你真的去過那兒一樣。
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要點提醒:
1.在含有時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句中,如果主句是一般將來時,從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。如:
I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to Beijing.我一到北京就給你打電話。
【考點訓(xùn)練3】
1.—Does your mother have a hobby?
—No,_____ you call going shopping a hobby. ( ???)
A.unless ????????????????????????????????????B.because
C.although ????????????????????????????????D.if
2.Life is like a mirror. ___ you smile at it,it will smile back. ( ???)
A.Unless ????????????????????????????????????B.When
C.Until ????????????????????????????????????????D.Though
3.______ he had failed many times,he didn’t give up and succeeded in the end. ( ????)
A.Unless ?????????????????????????????????????B.Although
C.If ??????????????????????????????????????????????D.Since
4.There will be less pollution ____ more people use public transportation. ( ????)
A.but ???????????B.though ??????????????C.unless ?????????????D.if
5.Mary had _____ much work to do that she stayed at her office all day. ( ?????)
A.such ????????????B.so ????????????????C.too ???????????????D.very
答案:ABBDB
【定語從句】
在復(fù)合句中作定語,修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞或修飾整個句子的從句叫定語從句。含定語從句的復(fù)合句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:先行詞+關(guān)系詞+定語從句。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞,通常位于定語從句之前。定語從句須用關(guān)系代詞(who,whom,whose,which,that)和關(guān)系副詞(when,where,why)來引導(dǎo),它們位于先行詞和定語從句之間。關(guān)系詞常有三個作用:
①引導(dǎo)定語從句;
②代替先行詞;
③在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個句子成分。其用法如下:
1.關(guān)系代詞的基本用法
關(guān)系
代詞
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在從句中
的成分
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先行詞
|
例句
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that
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主語、賓語、
表語
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人,物
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The?watch?(that)?my?father?bought?was?made?in?Shanghai.我爸爸買的那塊表是上海制造的。
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who
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主語、賓語、
表語
|
人
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Do?you?know?the?teacher?who?wears?glasses?你知道戴眼鏡的那位老師嗎?
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whom
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賓語
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人
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The?boy?(whom)?my?mother?was?talking?to?is?my?cousin.我媽媽正與之交談的那個男孩是我的堂兄。
|
which
|
主語、賓語、
表語
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物
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I?like?music?(which)?I?can?sing?along?with.我喜歡我能跟著一起唱的音樂。
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whose
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定語
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人,物
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The?little?girl?whose?hair?is?curly?won?the?first?prize.那個卷發(fā)小女孩贏得了第一名。
|
(1)關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom在定語從句中作賓語時通??梢允÷?。
(2)在定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞that,who,which等作主語時,謂語動詞的數(shù)要與先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。如:
The girls who are dancing there are my friends.那邊在跳舞的女孩們是我的朋友。
-
關(guān)系副詞的基本用法
關(guān)系
副詞
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在從句中
的成分
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先行詞
|
例句
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when
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狀語
|
時間
|
I’ll?never?forget?the?day?when?I?joined?the?music?club.我從不會忘記我加入音樂俱樂部的那天。
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where
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狀語
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地點
|
I?went?to?the?village?where?my?father?was?born?last?week.我上周去了我爸爸出生的那個村莊。
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why
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狀語
?
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原因
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He?didn’t?say?the?reason?why?he?was?late.他沒有說他遲到的原因。
|
【考點訓(xùn)練4】
1.—Where is the camera ___ my father bought in Japan?
—Oh,let me see.I put it in your suitcase. ( ????)
A.when ????????????????????????????????????B.whose
C.that ??????????????????????????????????????D.what
2.The teenagers like the musician ___ different kinds of music. ( ????)
A.who play ??????????????????????????????B.which plays
C.who plays ????????????????????????????D.that play
3.Keep Running is a very relaxing TV programme ____ is hot among the teenagers. ( ?????)
A.which ??????????????????????????????????B.what
C.who ????????????????????????????????????D.whose
4. According to a survey,people ___ are able to speak two languages can manage two things at the same time more easily. ( ????)
A.which ????????B.whom ?????????C.whose ?????????D.who
答案:CCAD
【中考示例】
1.His mother doesn’t like to throw away old things ___ they are useless. ( ?????)
A.but ?????????????????????????????????????B.because
C.even if ????????????????????????????????D.so that
2.—Could you tell me ____ ?
—Once a month. ( ??????)
A.how often do you go to the supermarket
B.how often you go to the supermarket
C.how soon will you go to the supermarket
D.how soon you will go to the supermarket
B【解析】
1.考查連詞的用法。句意:他的媽媽不喜歡扔掉舊東西,即使它們沒有用了。A項意為“但是”,表轉(zhuǎn)折;B項意為“因為”,表因果;C項意為“即使”,表讓步;D項意為“以便”,表目的。由語境可知C項符合題意。
2.考查賓語從句。根據(jù)答語可知問句詢問的是頻率,要用how often提問,排除C、D項;賓語從句要用陳述句語序,排除A項。
【考題熱身】
1.You’ll get good grades ___ you work hard. ( ?????)
A.although ????????????????????????????????B.so
C.if ????????????????????????????????????????????D.unless
2.—Could you tell me _____ ?
—The movie Fast and Furious(激情) 8. ( ?????)
A.where you saw the movie
B.which movie you like best
C.where did you see the movie
D.which movie do you like best
3.The two companies decided to work together ___ they had common interest. ( ?????)
A.because ???????????????????????????????B.unless
C.but ????????????????????????????????????????D.or
4.Many people like reading newspapers ?____ they can learn what’s happening in the world.
( ?????)
A.so that ????????????????????????????????????B.ever since
C.as soon as ?????????????????????????????D.even though
5.It’s not always safe to pay over the Internet,____ you should be careful. ( ????)
A.so ??????????????????????????????????B.after
C.because ????????????????????????D.as soon as
6.This is the best book ___ I have ever read.I like it very much. ( ?????)
A.which ????????????????????????????B.that
C.who ??????????????????????????????D.when
7.Could you tell us where ____ the day after tomorrow? ( ?????)
A.you will go ??????????????????????????????B.will you go
C.you have gone ???????????????????????D.you went
8.I like dancing,_____ ?I don’t have enough time to practice it. ( ?????)
A.or ?????????????????????????????????????????????B.so
C.but ???????????????????????????????????????????D.because
9.—The light in Bill’s office is still on.I wonder _____.
—Maybe at midnight again. ( ????)
A.if will he stop working
B.why he works so hard
C.how long will he work
D.when he will stop working
10.I think the boy _____ is in white is his brother. ( ????)
A.what ????????????B.which ????????????C.who ????????????D.whom
11.—Excuse me.Could you please tell me _____ ?
—Sure.Go along this street and turn left.It’s on your right. ( ????)
A.when I can get to the bookstore
B.when can I get to the bookstore
C.how I can get to the bookstore
D.how can I get to the bookstore
12.I didn’t believe I could do it _____ I got to the top of Mount Tai. ( ????)
A.unless ??????????????????????????????B.until
C.after ?????????????????????????????????D.as
答案:CBAABACDCCB
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