2019-2020學(xué)年中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法備考秘籍 — 形容詞副詞
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???????????????????????????????????知 識(shí) 清 單
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一、形容詞
用來(lái)修飾名詞,表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征的詞,叫形容詞。
形容詞的作用,見(jiàn)下表:
作 ???用
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例 ???????????????????????句
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定 ???語(yǔ)
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You can see a lot of?beautiful flowers in the garden.
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表 ???語(yǔ)
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Your coat is too small.
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賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
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The old woman keeps everything?clean and tidy.
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注意:有些形容詞只能作表語(yǔ),如:alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如:
Don’t wake the sleeping baby up. He is asleep.
The old man is alone.
形容詞用來(lái)修飾something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代詞,要放在這些詞的后面。例如:
You’d better tell us something interesting.
The police found nothing strange in the room.
多個(gè)形容詞做定語(yǔ)時(shí)排列的先后順序是:
1)冠詞或人稱代詞 ?2)數(shù)詞 ?3)性質(zhì) 4)大小 ?5)形狀
6)表示老少,新舊 ?7)顏色 ?8)事務(wù)、質(zhì)地、人的國(guó)籍、用途。例如:
His grandpa still lives in this small short house.
他爺爺還住在這個(gè)矮小的房子里。
The woman bought two beautiful Chinese plates.
那個(gè)婦女買(mǎi)了兩個(gè)漂亮的中國(guó)盤(pán)子。
形容詞名詞化:有些形容詞前加定冠詞后變成名詞,表示一類人,謂語(yǔ)常用復(fù)數(shù)。這類詞有:rich / poor;
good / bad ; young / old ; healthy / ill ; living / dead ; black / white (表示人種等)。例如:
The young should take good care of the old.
年輕人應(yīng)該好好照顧老人。
The rich never help the poor in this country.
在這個(gè)國(guó)家,富人從來(lái)不幫助窮人。
表示數(shù)量的詞組。如:
One day, a young man, twenty-five years old, came to visit the professor.
有一天,一位25歲的年輕人來(lái)拜訪這位教授。
I live in a building about fifty meters high.
我住在一做大約50米高的大樓里。
形容詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)時(shí)要后置。如:
They are the students easy to teach.
他們是很容易較的學(xué)生。
We live in a house much larger than yours.
我們住的房子比你們的大得多。
else要放在疑問(wèn)代詞或復(fù)合不定詞之后。如:
Did you see anybody else?
你看到別的人了嗎?
二、副詞
英語(yǔ)中副詞的位置和漢語(yǔ)不盡相同,它的位置比較靈活。通常用作狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等。下面來(lái)介紹一下副詞的分類方法:
多數(shù)副詞都可以放在它所修飾的動(dòng)詞后面。如:
We are living happily.
我們幸福的生活著。
He runs slowly.
他跑的很慢。
時(shí)間副詞、地點(diǎn)副詞和方式副詞一般放在句末。如:
They went to the park yesterday morning.
昨天上午他們?nèi)ス珗@了。
I heard him sing English songs over there.
我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他在那邊唱英語(yǔ)歌曲。
He drove the jeep carefully.
他小心地開(kāi)著吉普。
注意: 有時(shí)表示時(shí)間的副詞也可放在句首,起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。如:
Yesterday I got up late.
昨天我起床很晚。
頻度副詞一般放在be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前
如:He is seldom ill.
????他很少生病。
???You must always remember this.
???你一定要記住這一點(diǎn)。
???I often write to my parents.
???我經(jīng)常寫(xiě)信給父母。
???Do you usually go to school on foot.
??你經(jīng)常走路去上學(xué)?
??He has never been to Beijing.
??他從來(lái)沒(méi)有去過(guò)北京。
注意: 有時(shí)為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,頻度副詞也可放在句首。如:
Sometimes she goes to school by bus and sometimes she goes to school by bike.
有時(shí)她乘公共汽車(chē)上學(xué),有時(shí)騎自行車(chē)去。
程度副詞修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí),與頻度副詞相同,修飾形容詞和副詞時(shí),放在它所修
飾的詞前面。如:
That’s quite early.
那很早。
I nearly missed the bus.
我?guī)缀蹂e(cuò)過(guò)了公交車(chē)。
She did rather badly.
她干得相當(dāng)糟。
否定副詞一般放在動(dòng)詞之前、系動(dòng)詞be或助動(dòng)詞之后。如:
She seldom goes out at night.
她晚上很少出門(mén)。
I am never late for school.
我上學(xué)從不遲到。
We had hardly got to the station when the train left.
火車(chē)離開(kāi)時(shí),我們差不多/幾乎到了車(chē)站。
疑問(wèn)副詞放在特殊疑問(wèn)句的句首。如:
When can you come?
你什么時(shí)候來(lái)?
How many days are there in a month?
一個(gè)月有多少天?
What are you going to do when you grow up?
張大以后,你打算干什么?
Where were you born?
你是在那里出生的?
Why didn’t he come?
他為什么沒(méi)有來(lái)?
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),位于從句之前、所修飾的詞之后。如:
Tell me the reason why you did it.
把你這樣做的理由告訴我。
It’s the sort of day when you’d like to stay in bed.
這是個(gè)令人戀床不起的日子。
I don’t know the place where we will go.
我不知道我們將要去的地方。
同時(shí)存在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一般放在后面。如:
The meeting will be held in the classroom tomorrow.
明天會(huì)議將在教室里舉行。
He watched TV in his room last night.
他作晚在房間里看電視。
They arrived in Beijing at 8 o’clock last evening.
他們昨天晚上8:00到達(dá)北京。
注:有些詞既可用做形容詞也可副詞。如:
late, wide, well, fast, easy, early 等
The road is so wide that 8 buses can go throw it at a time.
Open your mouth wide.
三. 形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)
大多數(shù)形容詞(性質(zhì)形容詞)和副詞有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化,即原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí),用來(lái)表示事物的等級(jí)差別。原級(jí)即形容詞的原形,比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。
1) 規(guī)則變化
單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞,加詞尾-er,-est來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。
構(gòu)成法
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原級(jí)
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比較級(jí)
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最高級(jí)
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一般單音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est
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tall
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taller
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tallest
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以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音詞和少數(shù)以- le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞只加-r,-st
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nice
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nicer
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nicest
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以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞,雙寫(xiě)結(jié)尾的輔音字母,再加-er,-est
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big
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bigger
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biggest
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"以輔音字母+y"結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞,改y為i,再加-er,-est
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busy
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busier
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busiest
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少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est
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clever/narrow
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cleverer/ narrower
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cleverest/ narrowest
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其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞,在前面加more,most來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)
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important/ easily
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more important/ more easily
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most important/ most easily
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2) 不規(guī)則變化
原級(jí)
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比較級(jí)
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最高級(jí)
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Good
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better
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best
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well(健康的)
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worse
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worst
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Bad
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ill(有病的)
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Old
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older/elder
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oldest/eldest
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much/many
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more
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most
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Little
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less
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least
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far
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farther/further
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farthest/furthest
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3)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞)+as+形容詞原形+as+從句。表示兩者對(duì)比相同。
(1)在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中可用so… as。例如:
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
?他沒(méi)你跑得快。
Maths is as interesting as English.
數(shù)學(xué)和英語(yǔ)一樣有趣。
(2)當(dāng)as… as 中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式:as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞/ as + many/much +名詞。例如:
This is as good an example as the other is.
這個(gè)例子和另外一個(gè)一樣好。
I can carry as much paper as you can.
?你能搬多少紙,我也能。
(3)用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),放在as的前面。例如:
This room is twice as big as that one.
?這房間的面積是那間的兩倍。
Your room is the same size as mine.
你的房間和我的一樣大。
(4)倍數(shù)+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍數(shù)+ the … + of。例如:
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
這座橋的長(zhǎng)度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
?你的房間是我的兩倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
4)比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞 + than 。例如:
You are taller than I.
?你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.
你房間的那些燈比我房間里的亮。
注意:
1)要避免重復(fù)使用比較級(jí)。
(錯(cuò)) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(對(duì)) He is?more clever?than his brother.
(對(duì)) He is clever than his brother.
2)要避免將主語(yǔ)含在比較對(duì)象中。
(錯(cuò)) China is larger than any country in Asia.
(對(duì)) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)要注意對(duì)應(yīng)句型,遵循前后一致的原則。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4)要注意定冠詞在比較級(jí)中的使用。
比較:Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is?the taller of the two sisters.
?(2) most 同形容詞連用而不用 the,表示 "極,很,非常, 十分"。
It's?most dangerous?to be here. 在這兒太危險(xiǎn)。
(4) " 形容詞比較級(jí) + and + 形容詞比較級(jí) ", 表示 " 越來(lái)越... "。
It's getting?hotter and hotter.?天氣越來(lái)越熱。
四、最高級(jí)表達(dá)形式及用法
I、基本用法
1、三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或事物相比,其中一個(gè)人或事物在某方面比其他都好,這就要使用形容詞與副詞的最高級(jí)。其結(jié)構(gòu)為:the+形容詞/副詞(最高級(jí))+其他+of(in,among)+(比較范圍)例如:
This is the happiest day in my life.這是我一生中最快樂(lè)的一天。
This is one of the best novels that I have ever read.這是我所看過(guò)的小說(shuō)中最好的一本。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黃河是中國(guó)第二長(zhǎng)的河流。
2、最高級(jí)的副詞和形容詞的比較應(yīng)該有一個(gè)范圍,這個(gè)范圍通常由介詞of,in,among+名(代)詞構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。
Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers in the school.趙小姐是學(xué)校里最受歡迎的教師之一。
Of all the students, Wangbing reads (the) most correctly.在所有的這些學(xué)生當(dāng)中王冰讀得最準(zhǔn)確。
They all came early but she came (the) earliest of all.他們都來(lái)得很早,但她來(lái)得最早。
II、比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí)的幾個(gè)句型:
在中學(xué)英語(yǔ)里,最高級(jí)表示的最常見(jiàn)形式是“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+the most.......(est) + 比較范圍。”除此之外,常見(jiàn)的表達(dá)最高級(jí)含義的比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)還有:
1)主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 比較級(jí) + than the others
This one is much larger than the others.這一個(gè)比其它大的多得多。
He is taller than the others in his class.他比班上其他人都高。
2)主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 比較級(jí) + than anyone (anybody, anything)else
He is stronger than anyone else in his class.他比班上的任何人都強(qiáng)壯。
His handwriting is much better than anyone else's.他的書(shū)法比其他人都好
3) 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+比較級(jí) + than any other +單數(shù)名詞
I think Chinese is more popular than any other subject.我想漢語(yǔ)比任何的課程更受歡迎。
Tom is taller than any other student in our class.湯姆在我們班比其他任何一個(gè)學(xué)生都高。
India produces more films than any other country in the world.印度是世界上拍攝電影最多的國(guó)家。
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