2019-2020學(xué)年中考英語語法備考秘籍 — 冠詞
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【分析解讀】
分析解讀冠詞的基本用法、具體語境中的活用以及習(xí)語和固定搭配中冠詞的使用一直是考查的重點(diǎn)。試題的語境設(shè)計(jì)更趨于真實(shí),有一定的創(chuàng)新性及時(shí)代感。另外,冠詞與名詞常常會結(jié)合在一起考查。
備考時(shí),考生除了記一些規(guī)律性的知識,更應(yīng)重視冠詞的特殊用法以及在具體語境中的活用,比如:可將常見的可以具體化的象名詞進(jìn)行歸類。
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【知識方法】
????????????????????????????????用于可數(shù)名詞前,表示數(shù)量 ????????????????
????????????????????????????????用于序數(shù)詞前
???????????????不定冠詞的用法 ??????????????????
????????????????????????????????用于固定搭配 ?????
???????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????the表示特指 ?
????????????????定冠詞的用法 ?the表示“獨(dú)一無二”
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????The+序數(shù)詞
?????????????????????????????????????????????The+形容詞最高級
???冠詞 ??????????????????????????????????????the+年份的復(fù)數(shù) 表示年代
????????????????????????????????其他用法 ?????西洋樂器 前加the ????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前
??????????????????????????????????????????????“the+形容詞表示一類人”
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???????????????????????????????固定搭配中的定冠詞
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知 識 清 單
冠詞分為不定冠詞(a, an )和定冠詞 (the)
考點(diǎn)一 ?不定代詞
知識梳理:提綱挈領(lǐng),抓住重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)!
1.不定冠詞a,an的基本用法
詞前
用法
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示例
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在敘述時(shí)用于第一次提到的人或物前
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?This is a book
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指人或事物的某一類別,以區(qū)別 于其他種類
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A plane is a machine that can fly.
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泛指某人或某物
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A young man is waiting for you.
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用在某些物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞
前,表示“一陣、一份、一類、一 場”等
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There' ll be a strong wind in South China.
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用于可視為一個(gè)整體的兩個(gè)名詞前
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a knife and fork
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“a+序數(shù)詞”表示“又一,再一”
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The cake is delicious and I would like a second one.
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用于表明比率、速度、價(jià)格等,有
“每一”的意思,相當(dāng)于every
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five lessons a week
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2.?不定冠詞a,an的區(qū)別
a用在以輔音音素開頭的單詞前
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a teacher,a good student
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an用在以元音音素開頭的單 詞前
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an apple tree,an interesting story
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注意:
①判斷一個(gè)詞前是用a還是an,是根據(jù)其讀音,而不是根據(jù)其字母。
②在26個(gè)字母中,前面用an的字母有:a,e,f,h,i,l m,n,o,r,s,x,其他用a。
③要注意區(qū)別以“u”開頭的單詞:當(dāng)“u”發(fā)/^/
音時(shí),單詞前面用an,如 an umbrella,an unhappy boy,當(dāng)“u”發(fā)/ju:/音時(shí),單詞前用a,如a university,a useful tool。
3.含有a的常見固定詞組
a few/little/bit一點(diǎn)兒,have a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/rest游泳/散步/談話/看一看/跳舞/喝點(diǎn)東西/休息,have a cold感冒,have a good time玩得高興,in a hurry匆忙,for a while一會兒,keep a diary記日記,do sb.a favor 幫助某人
題組訓(xùn)練 單項(xiàng)選擇
①Last Sunday, my parents took me to the zoo. In the zoo we saw____ elephant. ______elephant was from Africa.
A.a;The ???B.the;An
C.an;The ??D.the;A
2__________ apple a day keeps the doctor away.
A.A ???B.An ???C.The
3-Excuse me, John. What's that in English?
-It's _________eraser.
A a ???B.an
C.the ??D./
4 We can have_____________ bluer sky if we create less polluted world.
A.a;a
B.a;the
C.the;a
D.the;the
點(diǎn)津
不定冠詞a,an通常表示“一個(gè),一種……”,般泛指任意一個(gè)。在大多數(shù)情況下,我們通過準(zhǔn)確翻譯句意來確定是泛指還是特指,從而作出準(zhǔn)確判斷。第一題第一空所在句就可以翻譯為“在動物園我們看見一頭大象”,第二題翻譯為“每天一個(gè)蘋果……”,第三題翻譯為“……這是一塊兒橡皮”,第四題翻譯為“我們會有一個(gè)更藍(lán)的天空……”,以上四個(gè)題可以說明翻譯為“一”時(shí),就使用不定冠詞a/an。
考點(diǎn)二 定冠詞與零冠詞
一、定冠詞的用法
1.定冠詞the的基本用法
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用法
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示例
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用于雙方都知道的人或事物前
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Give me the book,please.
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特指的或上文已提到過的人或事物
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Do you know the girl The moon moves around
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表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物
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the earth.
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用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級前面以及對兩個(gè)人或事物進(jìn)行比較 時(shí)起特指作用的比較級前
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The first lesson is very easy
He is the younger of the two boys.
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用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前表示一家人或夫妻倆
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The Greens are watching
TV now.
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用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表一類人或事物
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The orange is orange.
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與某些形容詞連用表一類人
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We should help the old .
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用于江河、海洋、山脈、群島、沙
漠等專有名詞前,或由普通名詞 構(gòu)成的專有名詞之前
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The Summer Palace The Great Wall,
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用在表示方位或西洋樂器名稱的名詞之前
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I like playing the piano.
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記憶口訣:特指雙熟悉,上文已提及,世上獨(dú)無二,數(shù)最高級,普通專有名,習(xí)語及樂器。
2.用于某些固定短語中
①“in+the+年份的復(fù)數(shù)”表示在某年代
in the 1870s在19世紀(jì)70年代
2“hit+人+介詞+the+部位”表示“打某人某部位”
hit him on the head 打他的頭
③其他固定短語
in the morning/ afternoon/evening 在早晨/下午/晚上;
in the daytime在白天
in the end最后;
all the time一直;
at the same time同時(shí);
by the way順便說一下;
in the open air在戶外;
at the age of在……歲時(shí);
at the beginning of在……開始時(shí);
on the other side of在……的另一邊;
in the middle of在……中間;
at the moment現(xiàn)在
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二、零冠詞的用法
1.在一般的物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示“籠統(tǒng)概念”時(shí),一般不用定冠詞;容易用錯的這類零冠詞名詞有:
fun,music,nature,poverty,progress,society,weather;
有些名詞不能與a(an)一起使用,但在特指時(shí)可以根據(jù)情況與the一起使用。這類名詞有:
advice,beauty, experience,homework,housework,work,information,new,practice,room(空間),research。
例如:He is fond of music.(一般)他喜歡音樂。
Do you like the music of the film?(特指)你喜歡這部電影的音樂嗎?
3.?學(xué)科、球類運(yùn)動、棋類、或游戲名詞前不用冠詞。
例如:play football/basketball/tennis/chess/bridge..
Are you going to play basketball or football?
你們是打籃球還是踢足球?
3.季節(jié)、月份、星期幾、節(jié)日前一般不加冠詞,但季節(jié)、月份等詞前后,如有限制性定語修飾表示特定時(shí)間,其前加定冠詞;如:
Trees turn green in spring.春天樹變綠了。
We often go skating in the winter.
我們經(jīng)常在冬季滑冰。(說話人把季節(jié)看成一年的某一部分。)
New year's Day 新年;
National Day 國慶節(jié);
?May Day 五一節(jié)
We had a terrible hot summer this year.
今年我們過了一個(gè)炎熱的夏天。(季節(jié)名詞前有描繪性形容詞修飾時(shí),也可加不定冠詞。)
4.一日三餐前,一般不加冠詞。但如其前后有形容詞或從句、短語等修飾時(shí),應(yīng)加冠詞。如:
We had a good dinner at Mr.Zhangs yesterday evening. 昨天晚上我們在張先生家吃了一頓豐盛的晚餐。
How did you like the dinner Mr..Jack gave us?你認(rèn)為杰克先生給我們吃的晚餐怎么樣?
5.可數(shù)名詞前已有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、名詞所有格及a kind of, a sort of, a type of, a piece of等修飾時(shí)不用冠詞。
Give me that pencil, please.請給我那支鉛筆。
This is my book.這是我的書。
I can never get used to this kind of life.我永遠(yuǎn)習(xí)慣不了這種生活。
6 ,名詞作句中的表語、同位語或補(bǔ)足語時(shí),表示獨(dú)一無二的頭銜、職位、職業(yè)等不用冠詞。例如:
1860, Abraham Lincoln became President of the United States.
1860年亞伯拉罕林肯當(dāng)選為美國總統(tǒng)。
We all elect Engineer Wang director of our factory.
我們都選王工程師為我們工廠的廠長。
He is head of the English Department.
他是英語系主任。
7.描述交通方式時(shí),不用冠詞。如:by train(air, bus, boat, sea, bike)
例如:
My house is about twenty minutes by bike.
騎自行車到我家大概得20分鐘。
I'm going to Guangzhou by plane.
我將乘飛機(jī)去廣州。
8.?在部分習(xí)語中
day and night日日夜夜;
face to face面對面;
side by side肩并肩
;step by step一步一步地;
watch TV看電視;
at school/work/home在學(xué)校/在工作/在家;
at first/last首先/最后;
in trouble在困境中;
in danger在危險(xiǎn)中;
on foot步行;
on duty/watch值日/值班;
on time準(zhǔn)時(shí);
in time及時(shí);
in bed 臥病在床;
go to school/work去上學(xué)/去工作;
by bus/plane/ship乘公共汽車/飛機(jī)/輪船;
at noon/night/dawn在中午/晚上/黎明
catch fire,
give way,
take place,
lose heat,
at home,
by chance,
in/on time,
catch sight of,
make use of,
take part in,
catch hold of,
?on foot.
考點(diǎn)三、 專有名詞前冠詞的用法
專有名詞本身已具有確定特指的含義,所以一般它前面不用冠詞。但是,有些專有名詞本身是由普通名詞構(gòu)成,或本身就是個(gè)帶定冠詞的名詞詞組。冠詞與專有名詞的搭配可分為三種情況:不用冠詞、用定冠詞、用不定冠詞。
1、人名前冠詞的用法。
1)人名前一般不用冠詞。例如:
?Engels恩格斯Karl Marx卡爾·馬克思,Mao Zedong毛澤東,Tom湯姆,Alice愛麗斯
2)在有一限制性定語修飾的人名前,一般要用定冠詞。例如:
The girl must be the Miss Green you have referred to in your letter.這姑娘肯定是你信中所提到的格林小姐。
3)若表示與某個(gè)專有名詞相仿的某人,則用不定冠詞。這種情況也適用于與某地、某事相仿的情況。例如:
The little boy was moved deeply at the story of Laining and wished to be a Laining .這小男孩深深被賴寧的事跡打動,他希望成為賴寧式人物。
Old China is gone, a new China has been founded.舊中國一去不復(fù)返了,一個(gè)新中國誕生了。
4)若表示有一位姓某某的先生,而該人對于說話者又是陌生的,在該姓氏名詞前也可用不定冠詞。例如:
Peter, a Mr. Brown is asking for you.彼得,一位布朗先生找你。
A Miss Zhao had called you in the morning, Mum.媽媽,一位趙小姐早上給你打電話。
5)在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)名詞前,表示夫婦或一家人時(shí), 要用冠詞。例如:
The Whites live in a small town near New York懷特一家住在紐約附近的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上。.
2、地名前冠詞的用法
1)一般的地理名稱前不加冠詞。例如:
China中國, Asia亞洲, Shanghai上海, Hong Kong香港, New York.紐約
但是若在普通名詞構(gòu)成的國名前,則要加定冠詞。例如:
the People's Republic of China, 中華人民共和國,the United States of American美利堅(jiān)和眾國 the United Kingdom聯(lián)合王國
2)江、河、海洋、山脈、群島、海灣、海峽等名稱前,一般要加定冠詞。例如:
the Yellow River黃河, the Suez Canal 蘇伊士運(yùn)河,the Alps阿爾卑斯山, ?the Tianshan Mountains天山 The English Channel英吉利海峽,the Taiwan Straits臺灣海峽
3)街名、廣場名詞前一般不加冠詞 。例如:
Wall Street 華爾街,Nanjing Road 南京路,Tian An Men Square天安門廣場, Chang'an Street.長安街
3、月份、星期名稱前一般不加冠詞。例如:
Today is Thursday, September 10th, Teachers Day.今天是星期四,九月十日,教師節(jié)。
若這些名詞前有一個(gè)限制性定語修飾時(shí)則,應(yīng)加定冠詞。例如:
The October of 1949 saw the great thing happen in China.1949年10月在中國發(fā)生了巨大的事件。?
同時(shí),若表示是在許多星期中的“某一個(gè)”時(shí),這個(gè)名詞前加不定冠詞。例如:
I do not remember the exact date when I came to Beijing, but I am sure it was a Monday.我不記得來到北京的確切日子,但我確定是一個(gè)星期一。
4、節(jié)日、假日等名稱前,一般不加冠詞。例如:
New Year's Day ?新年,National Day 國慶節(jié),May Day 五一節(jié),Children's Day兒童節(jié)
5、在朝代、時(shí)代及報(bào)刊、會議等名詞前,加定冠詞。例如:
the Tang Dynasty清朝, the Warring States Period 戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期,the People's Daily人民日報(bào) ,the 27the Olympic Games.第二十七屆奧運(yùn)會
6、某些建筑物、旅館、文娛場所以及飛機(jī)號、船舶號等名詞前,常帶定冠詞。例如:
the Summer Palace 頤和園,the Beijing Zoo北京動物園, ?the Titanic泰坦尼克號
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例題解析:舉一反三,學(xué)的更輕松!
1. _______ milk is food. ________ milk in this cup has gone bad.
2. ---Do you like playing _________ football?
??---Yes. But I have only _________ basketball.
3. Do you know _______girl on ________another side of ________ lake?
4. There’s ________ “u” and ________ “s” in ________work “use”.
5. She says ________animals cant’s live without __________air, either.
6. His father, who is ________honest man, is teaching in ________ university.
7. Which is heavier, ________elephant or ________ horse?
8. ________ cold wind was blowing from the north.
9. He is always ready to help _________ old and ________ young.
10. ________ Greens are traveling in _________ South China.
11. Although ________ most of us like to drink beer, those who drink ________most are _______ ???least healthy.
12.Xiaomei saw _________ interesting film last night. ________ film was about _________ kind doctor.
13. You can have _________ second try if you fail _______ first time.
14. Tom went to _________ school as usual, but he didn’t know his father went to ________school for a parent meeting.
15. ________ knowledge begins with _________ practice.
【答案與解析】1./, the ?(milk 是物質(zhì)名詞,一般不用冠詞, 但后面加上一個(gè)定語in the cup 后,使其成為特指,所以需要用定冠詞the.)
2. / , the ?(球類運(yùn)動前不用the ; 指一個(gè)物體要用不定冠詞a )
3. the,/, the ( 特指這個(gè)女孩用the;名詞前已有定語another;)
4. a, an, the (“u” 發(fā)音以輔音開頭所以用a;“s” 發(fā)音以元音開頭所以用an; 特指這個(gè)單詞用the)
5. /,/ (泛指動物所以不用任何冠詞; air 不可數(shù)名詞,其前一般不用冠詞)
6. an, the ( honest 發(fā)音以元音開頭,故用an, 在大學(xué)里為in the university)
7. an, a 或the ,the ( 不定冠詞a , an 和 定冠詞the與名詞單數(shù)連用表示種類)
8. a (物質(zhì)名詞coffee, food, tea, fog, rain, snow, wind等,在表示 “一種”或 “一場”的意義時(shí),前面要加不定冠詞。
9. the, the ( 形容詞前加定冠詞,表示一類人)
10. The ,/ ( 姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)前加定冠詞the 表示一家人;在華南是in South China)
11. /, the, the ( most當(dāng)大多數(shù)講時(shí)前面不用the;后兩空均為形容詞的最高級,前面要加the)
12. a, the, a ( 第一空和第三空都指一個(gè)事物,第二空是特指前面提到的電影)
13. a, the (a second try 指的是第二次)
14./, the (go to school 去上學(xué), go to the school 去那所學(xué)校)
15./,/ (具有單純意義的物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞前,一般不用冠詞)
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練習(xí)與鞏固:熟能生巧,取得好成績!
一、在空白處填入a / an 或the。
1. ---Mum, what shall we have for _______dinner?
???---Dumplings.
???---Oh, what _______ wonderful dinner! I enjoy it very much.
2. _________ PLA was founded on __________August 1st,1927
3. _______ Kings came to us at _________ noon.
4. The scientists from ________ United States live in __________ Ninth Street.
5. The doctor to him, “Take ________ medicine twice ________day. Stay in _________ bed and you’ll be better soon.”
6. September 10th?is ____________ Teachers’ Day.
7. Mr Black arrived here on __________ Tuesday morning.
8. There are four seasons in _______year. ________ first season is spring. It is __________ best one of __________ four.
9. Some people have been to _________moon, in _______ spaceship.
10. _______ China is _________ old country with _________ long history
答案
1. /, a ?2. the, / 3.the , / ?4. the, the ?5. the, a, / ?6. / ??7. / ??8. a, the ,the , the ?9.the, / ?10../,an,/ a
二、選擇填空: ?A. / ?B. a C. an D. the
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They are living ______happy life now.
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______bag on ______desk is mine.
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There is ______empty box on the table.
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Do you like ______music of the film “Titanic”?
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On ______Saturday, I stay in ______bed till 12:00.
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______Browns have been to China twice.
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Don’t make any noise in ______class.
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This is such ______interesting story that you must listen to it.
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Next week they will go to Australia by ______air.
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Which is bigger, ______sun or ______moon?
?Key: 1----5 BDCDA ???6----10 DACAD
三、在空白處填入a / an或the。
1. This morning I bought _____ newspaper and _____ magazine. _______ newspaper is in my bag but I don’t know where I put ______ magazine.
2. I saw ______ accident this morning. ______ car crashed into ______ tree. ______ driver of ______ car wasn’t hurt but ______ car was badly damaged.
3. There are two cars parked outside: ______ blue one and _______ grey one. _______ blue one is my neighbour’s; I don’t know who ______ owner of _______ grey one is.
4. My friends live in _______ old house in _______ small village. There is _______ beautiful garden behind _______ house. I would like to have ______ garden like that.
1.a ,a, The the ?????2.an, a, a, The ,the, the ?????3. A, a, the the, the ??4. an, a, a, the, a
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