2018年英語(yǔ)中考?xì)w納復(fù)習(xí)專題:介詞
【介詞】
介詞是一種虛詞,表示名詞、代詞等與其他詞的關(guān)系,不能單獨(dú)作句子成分。介詞后面一般有名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞等作它的賓語(yǔ)(如果是人稱代詞,則要用賓格),介詞和它的賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ),在句中作狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)等。
【時(shí)間介詞】
1.at,in與on
介詞
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用法
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示例
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at
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表示在具體的某一時(shí)刻。
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at?10:00?a.m.在上午十點(diǎn)鐘
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表示在某個(gè)節(jié)日期間。
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at?the?Spring?Festival在春節(jié)
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用于固定搭配。
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at?noon/night在中午/晚上
at?the?end?of在……結(jié)尾
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in
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常與表示“一段時(shí)間”的時(shí)間名詞搭配(如世紀(jì)、月份、季節(jié)、年份)。
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in?December?在十二月
in?winter在冬天
in?2018?在2018年
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表示泛指的上下午、晚上、白天等。
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in?the?morning/afternoon/evening/daytime在早上/下午/晚上/白天
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“in+一段時(shí)間”表示“在……(多久)以后”,常與一般將來(lái)時(shí)連用。
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My?father?will?come?back?in?a?week.我爸爸將于一周后回來(lái)。
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用于固定搭配。
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in?the?future在將來(lái)
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on
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表示在具體的某日(日期或星期幾)。
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on?October?7th?在十月七日
on?Sunday?在星期天
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表示在某個(gè)特定的早上、下午、晚上。
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on?Monday?morning?在星期一早上
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表示在具體的節(jié)日當(dāng)天。
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on?National?Day在國(guó)慶節(jié)
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-
from,since與for
介詞
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含義
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用法
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例句
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from
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從……
起常
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與to構(gòu)成詞組from...to...,意為“從……到……”。
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He?goes?to?work?from?Monday?to?Friday.他周一到周五去上班。
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since
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自從
……
以來(lái)
?
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+具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)
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常與現(xiàn)在
完成時(shí)連
用。
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I?have?lived?here?since?2010.自從2010年我就住在這兒了。
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+時(shí)間段+ago
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I?have?lived?here?since?three?years?ago.自從三年前我就住在這兒了。
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for
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歷時(shí)
……
之久
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+時(shí)間段
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She?has?taught?English?for?five?years.她教英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)五年了。
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注:“for+時(shí)間段”也可用于其他時(shí)態(tài)中。
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3.before與after
介詞
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含義
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用法
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例句
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before
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在……之前
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+時(shí)間點(diǎn)
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I’ll?arrive?in?Hangzhou?before?11:00?a.m.我將在上午十一點(diǎn)之前到達(dá)杭州。
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after
?
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在……之后
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+時(shí)間點(diǎn),常與一般將來(lái)時(shí)連用
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She’ll?come?back?after?5:00?p.m.她將在下午五點(diǎn)后回來(lái)。
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+時(shí)間段,常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用
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He?came?back?from?London?after?a?week.一周后他從倫敦回來(lái)了。
?
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4.until,during與by
介詞
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含義
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用法
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例句
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until
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直到……為止
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用于肯定句(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。
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He?waited?until?9:00?p.m.last?night.昨晚他一直等到九點(diǎn)鐘。
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直到……才
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用于否定句(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。
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I?didn’t?wake?up?until?10:00?a.m.我直到上午十點(diǎn)才醒來(lái)。
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during
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在……期間
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+時(shí)間段,強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間的持續(xù)性。
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She?lived?with?us?during?these?years.這些年她和我們住在一起。
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by
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不遲于;在……之前。
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+將來(lái)時(shí)間點(diǎn),常與一般將來(lái)時(shí)連用。
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It?will?be?cool?by?tomorrow?morning.到明天早上,天氣就會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)涼了
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+過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn),常與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用。
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We?had?learned?about?1,000?words?by?the?end?of?last?term.到上學(xué)期末我們已學(xué)了約1000個(gè)單詞。
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?
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【考點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練1】
1.China successfully hosted the Belt and Road Forum _____ May,2017. ( ???)
A.on ??????????????B.in ??????????????C.by ???????????????????D.at
2.We usually have the first class ___ 8:00 in the morning. ( ?????)
A.in ??????????????B.on ????????????C.at????????????????????D.from
3.More and more young people go skating _____ winter. ( ?????)
A.at ???????B.in ???????????????C.on ????????????????????D.to
4.I’ve had this mobile phone ___ three years. ( ?????)
A.by ?????????????B.from ?????????????C.for ??????????????????D.since
5.His grandfather has been ill ___ last year. ( ????)
A.for ????????????B.since ?????????????C.from ???????????????D.after
6.___ April 22nd,people around the world celebrate Earth Day in different ways. ( ?????)
A.In ?????????????B.At ???????????????C.On ??????????????D.For
【方位介詞】
1.at與in
介詞
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用法
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示例
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at
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表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),多指較小的地方或某一點(diǎn)的具體位置(如學(xué)校、家等)。
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at?home在家
at?the?station在車站
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in
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表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),多指較大的地方(如國(guó)家、城市等)。
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in?China在中國(guó)
in?Shanghai在上海
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2.in,on與to
介詞
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用法
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例句
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in
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表示在某一地區(qū)的某方位(在該范圍以內(nèi))。
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China?is?in?the?east?of?Asia.中國(guó)在亞洲東部。
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on
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表示與某地的相鄰關(guān)系(兩地接壤)。
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Hubei?is?on?the?north?of?Hunan.湖北在湖南的北邊。
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to
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表示在某一地區(qū)之外的某方位(不屬于該范圍)。
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Japan?is?to?the?east?of?China.日本在中國(guó)的東面。
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?
?
?
?
【圖解助記】
?
3.over,above,on,under與below
介詞
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含義
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例句
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over
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在……正上方(垂直,兩者不接觸)
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There?is?a?bridge?over?the?river.河上有一座橋。
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above
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在……的上方(不一定垂直,兩者不接觸)
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Raise?your?arms?above?your?head.把手臂舉過(guò)頭頂。
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on
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在……上面(兩者接觸)
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There?is?a?book?on?the?desk.桌子上有一本書(shū)。
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under
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在……正下方(垂直,兩者不接觸)
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My?football?is?under?the?chair.我的足球在椅子下面。
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below
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在……的下方(不一定垂直,兩者不接觸)
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He?dived?below?the?surface?of?the?water.他潛入了水中。
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【圖解助記】
?
4.其他方位介詞
near
在……附近
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next?to
在……旁邊,附近
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beside
在……旁邊
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under
在……下面
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behind
在……后面
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inside
在……里面
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outside
在……外面
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along
沿著
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across?from
在……對(duì)面
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【考點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練2】
1.—Where is Mary flying?
—She is flying to France soon.She will arrive ___ Paris on the morning of July 2. ( ?????)
A.to ??????????????B.at ????????????????C.in ?????????????????D.on
2.I can’t see Lucy because she is ___ the tree. ( ????)
A.in front of ???????????????????????????B.behind
C.next to ??????????????????????????????D.beside
3.Russia lies ___ the north of China. ( ????)
A.on ????????????B.to ??????????????????C.in ???????????????D.at
4.The workers will build a new railroad ___ the two cities. ( ?????)
A.among ???????B.in ????????????????C.between ???????D.at
5.—Oh,my God! I’ve left my keys in the room.I’ll have to get in ___ the window.
—It’s dangerous.You’d better wait for your dad to come back. ( ????)
A.past ????????????B.over ??????????C.across ???????????D.through
?
?
?
?
?
【方式介詞】
介詞
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用法
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例句
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by
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表示“以……方式、方法或手段”,常與表示交通工具的名詞連用。
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She?usually?goes?to?school?by?bike.她通常騎自行車去上學(xué)。
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with
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表示“用……工具、材料、身體的某一部分或器官”。
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People?often?eat?with?chopsticks?in?China.在中國(guó)人們通常用筷子吃飯。
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in
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表示“用……語(yǔ)言、語(yǔ)調(diào)、顏色等”。
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What’s?this?in?English?這個(gè)用英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)?
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on
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表示“用網(wǎng)絡(luò)、電視、收音機(jī)、電話等”。
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They?talk?on?the?phone?every?day.他們每天在電話上交談。
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?
?
?
考點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練3】
用適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞浇樵~填空。
1.I learn English ___ keeping a diary ____ English.
2.Cut the orange ____ the knife.
3.My brother loves watching game shows ____ TV.
4.We can see ____ our eyes.
答案:by ?in ?with ??on ?with
【其他介詞】
介詞
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例句
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about?關(guān)于;對(duì)于
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Could?you?tell?me?about?your?life?你能告訴我關(guān)于你的生活嗎?
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from?從……;來(lái)自……;表示距離
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He?comes?from?America.他來(lái)自美國(guó)。
How?far?is?your?home?from?here?你家離這兒有多遠(yuǎn)?
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with?與……一起;附有
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She?often?goes?shopping?with?her?mother.她經(jīng)常和媽媽一起購(gòu)物。
I’d?like?a?house?with?a?garden.我想要一個(gè)帶花園的房子。
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without?沒(méi)有
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The?teacher?left?without?saying?a?word.那個(gè)老師一句話沒(méi)說(shuō)就離開(kāi)了。
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of?(屬于)……的
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Here?is?a?photo?of?my?family.這是我的一張全家福。
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for?對(duì)于;為了
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What?would?you?like?for?breakfast?你早餐想吃什么?
Let?me?do?it?for?you.讓我為你做這件事。
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to?向;到
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Do?you?know?the?way?to?the?zoo?你知道去動(dòng)物園的路嗎?
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as?作為We?have?a?job?for?you?as?a?waiter.
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我們有一份服務(wù)員的工作提供給你。
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against?對(duì)抗;
反對(duì);靠著
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Our?class?played?against?Class?Three?and?we?won.我們班和三班比賽并且贏了。
I?am?against?her?opinions.我不同意她的觀點(diǎn)。
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【考點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練4】
1.A person’s life is like a road ___ lots of difficulties.
( ?????)
A.by ?????????????B.with ???????????????C.along ????????????D.during
2.She often brings home many books to read ___ the library. ( ???)
A.from ?????????B.in ???????????????????C.for ????????????????D.by
3.Wild animals are our friends.We shouldn’t kill them ___ food or clothing. ( ????)
A.in ?????????????B.with ??????????????C.about ??????????????D.for
【介詞短語(yǔ)】
介詞作為虛詞,不能單獨(dú)使用,常與名詞等構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)或與動(dòng)詞等搭配使用。常見(jiàn)介詞搭配類型如下:
1.介詞+名詞
at noon/night在中午/晚上
at home在家 ???????????????????at school在學(xué)校
at work在工作 ?????????????????at the back of在……后面at the beginning of在……開(kāi)始
at the end of在……結(jié)尾
at the foot of在……腳下 ??????????
at the same time同時(shí)as a result結(jié)果 ??????????????????
by bike/bus/car/train/plane騎自行車/乘公共汽車/小汽車/火車/飛機(jī)
by the end of到……結(jié)束時(shí)
by the way順便提一下
for example例如
in a hurry匆忙;急忙 ?????????????????????
?in all總共;總計(jì)
in a low/loud voice低/大聲地 ?????????
in a word總而言之in bed臥床 ???????????????????????????????????
in danger處于危險(xiǎn)中in English用英語(yǔ) ???????????????????????????in fact事實(shí)上
in hospital生病住院 ????????????????????
in (the) front of在……前面
in need在危難中
in one’s opinion在某人看來(lái)
in order井然有序
in person親自;親身
in public當(dāng)眾;公開(kāi)地
in silence無(wú)聲地
in surprise驚奇地
in the day在白天
in the end最后
in the future在將來(lái)
in the hospital在醫(yī)院
in the middle在中間
in time及時(shí)
in trouble處于困境
in turn輪流
on business出差
on fire著火 ?????????????????????????????????????
on foot步行
on duty值日;值班
on time準(zhǔn)時(shí);按時(shí)
on sale在出售
on show展覽
on the left/right在左/右邊
on the one hand,on the other hand一方面……另一方面
on the phone/on TV通過(guò)電話/電視
on the way to在去……的路上
to one’s surprise令某人吃驚的是
with the help of在……的幫助下
2.be+形容詞+介詞
be afraid of害怕
be angry with對(duì)(某人)生氣
be born with天生具有
be busy with忙于……
be different from 與……不同
be excited about對(duì)……感到興奮
be famous for因……而聞名
be fond of喜歡
be full of/be filled with充滿……
be good at擅長(zhǎng)于……
be good/bad for對(duì)……有好處/壞處
be good/nice/friendly/kind to sb.對(duì)某人友好
be good with善于應(yīng)付……的;對(duì)……有辦法
be harmful to對(duì)……有害
be helpful to對(duì)……有幫助
be interested in對(duì)……感興趣
be late for遲到
be made of/from由……制成
be popular with受……歡迎
be proud of為……感到自豪/驕傲
be responsible for對(duì)……有責(zé)任
be satisfied/pleased with對(duì)……感到滿意
be sorry for為……感到抱歉
be surprised at對(duì)……感到驚奇/詫異
be sure of/about確信;對(duì)……有把握
be strict with sb.對(duì)某人要求嚴(yán)格
be strict in sth.在某方面要求嚴(yán)格
be/get used to習(xí)慣于
be worried about擔(dān)心
3.動(dòng)詞(+名詞/副詞)+介詞
ask sb. for...向某人要……
arrive at/in到達(dá)
agree with sb.同意某人的意見(jiàn)
argue with sb.和某人爭(zhēng)吵
care for照顧;關(guān)心
catch up with趕上
deal with處理;應(yīng)付
depend on信賴;依靠
do well in在……方面做得好
drop by/in順便拜訪
fall in love with愛(ài)上
help sb.with sth.幫助某人(做)某事
hand in上交
hear of/about聽(tīng)說(shuō)
hear from收到某人的來(lái)信
keep away from遠(yuǎn)離
keep...from阻止
keep up with跟上
knock at敲(門)
knock into撞上
laugh at嘲笑
learn about了解
learn from向……學(xué)習(xí)
pay for付費(fèi);付出代價(jià)
pay attention to注意;關(guān)注
point at/to 指向;朝向
talk about談?wù)?/span>
talk to/with sb.和某人交談
wait for等待
worry about擔(dān)心
4.其他介詞短語(yǔ)
according to根據(jù)
after all畢竟;終究
ahead of在……前面
long with隨著
at first首先
at last最后
at once立刻
as for至于;關(guān)于
because of因?yàn)?
in order to為了
instead of代替;而不是
such as例如
on one’s own獨(dú)自;獨(dú)立
thanks to幸虧;由于
together with和……一起
up to直到;多達(dá)
【考點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練5】
1.—My son has a hard time learning English.
—I advise you to talk with him ___ person. ( ????)
A.on ???????????????B.of ???????????????C.for ???????????????D.in
2._____ the No.48 bus driver,all the passengers were saved.The driver managed to stop the bus before he died. ( ?????)
A.Thanks to????????????????????????????B.According to
C.As for ?????????????????????????????????D.Instead of
3.Jenny’s uncle is a scientist.She is proud ___ him.
( ?????)
A.from ????????????????????????????????B.at
C.in ?????????????????????????????????????D.of
4.When James arrived at the railway station,he tried to look ___ a place to park his car. ( ????)
A.after ????????????B.at ?????????????C.up ?????????????????D.for
【考題熱身】
1.Many people like watching Chinese Poetry Conference(詩(shī)詞大會(huì)) ____ TV. ( ????)
A.in ????????????????????????????????????B.of
C.at ???????????????????????????????????D.on
2.A couple from Australia welcomed five healthy babies ___ January. ( ????)
A.at ???????????????????????????????????B.in
C.for ?????????????????????????????????D.on
3.Shirley is still waiting for her flight to New York City ___ the airport. ( ?????)
A.at?????????????????????????????????B.under
C.on ???????????????????????????????D.with
4.—Which is your new English teacher?
—The young lady ___ red over there. ( ????)
A.with ?????????????????????????????B.in
C.on ????????????????????????????????D.for
5.It’s very kind ___ you to lend me your reusable shopping bags. ( ????)
A.of ????????????????????????????????????B.for
C.to ????????????????????????????????????D.with
6.They arrived at the airport of Huangping ___ the morning of June 7th. ( ???)
A.in ????????????????????????????????????B.at
C.by ???????????????????????????????????D.on
7.—I’m thirsty.I’d like a glass of orange juice.What about you,Dad?
—I prefer a cup of coffee ___ nothing in it. ( ???)
A.with ???????????????????????????????B.without
C.for ?????????????????????????????????D.to
8.Your gloves should be made ___ leather,for they feel soft and smooth. ( ???)
A.in ????????????B.on ???????????C.for ?????????????????D.of
9.To my pleasure,my family is always ___ me whatever I decide to do. ( ?????)
A.above ??????????????????????????????B.behind
C.from ????????????????????????????????D.through
10.—______,there must be life on other planets though none has been discovered.
—I agree with you.The universe is so large after all.
( ????)
A.To my surprise ??????????????????B.To be honest
C.In my opinion ????????????????????D.Again and again
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