冠詞
1、冠詞分類及讀法:
英語中冠詞有不定冠詞和定冠詞兩種,常放在名詞的前面,用來限定名詞的意義,起泛指或特指的作用。
定冠詞the讀法:單獨念時讀[Ti:],在句子中常發(fā)[Ti?](元音之前)或者[T[](輔音之前);
不定冠詞a/an的讀法:單獨念時讀 [ei ]/[An ];在句子中常發(fā) [[]/[[n]。??
2、不定冠詞a / an的用法:
不定冠詞a /an用在單數(shù)名詞的前面,a用在輔音開頭的詞前面;an用在元音開頭的詞的前面。
不定冠詞的基本用法:
(1)表示某一個人或東西,但不具體說明何人或何物。如:There is?a dog?lying on the ground.
(2)表示某類人或事物,以區(qū)別于其他種類。如:A elephant?is much stronger than?a man.
(3)表示某類人或事物中的任何一個。如:He is?a teacher?of English.
(4)表示“一”這個數(shù)量。如:There is?a table?and four chairs in that dining-room.
幾個用不定冠詞的習語:a bit(一點),a little(一點),a few(幾個),a lot(許多),a kind of(一種),a pair of(一副、一雙),a number of(大量的),a piece of?(一張、一片),half an hour(半小時),have a good time(玩得開心),have a cold(感冒),make a noise(發(fā)出嘈雜聲),have/take a (rest等)(休息)一會兒,等等。
3、定冠詞the的用法:
定冠詞the用在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)或復數(shù)或不可數(shù)的名詞前面。
定冠詞的基本用法:
(1)表示特指的人或事物。如:The?man with a flower in his hand is Jack.
(2)指談話雙方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at?the?blackboard, Lily.
(3)復述前面提到過的人或事物。如:There is?a?man under the tree.?The?man is called Robert.
(4)表示世界上獨一無二的事物。如:The?earth turns around?the?sun.
(5)用在表示方位的名詞前面。如:There will be strong wind to?the?south of the Yangtze River。
(6)在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級的前面。如:Who is?the?first one to go? / Of all the stars, the sun is?the?nearest to the earth.
(7)常用在樂器名稱的前面。如:He began to play?the?violin at the age of 5.
(8)用在江河、海洋、山脈等名稱的前面。如:I have never been tothe?Himalaya Mountains.
(9)用在含有普通名詞的專有名詞的前面。如:He is from?the?United States of America.
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens?are going to Mount Emei next month.
(11)same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look?the same.
(12)幾個用定冠詞的習語:at the same time(與此同時),make the bed(鋪床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(順便說一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠詞的情況:
(1)專有名詞和(第一次使用)一些不可數(shù)名詞時前面通常不用。如:China?is a very large country.(中國是個大國)?/ Man needs?air and water.
(2)名詞前已有指示、物主或不定代詞作定語時不用。如:My pen?is much more expensive than yours.
(3)周名,月名或季節(jié)名前一般不用。如:He was born on?Monday,February?18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一)?/ They usually plant trees on the hills in?spring.?
(4) (第一次使用)復數(shù)名詞表示人或事物的類別時不用。如:Men?are cleverer than?monkeys.(人比猴子聰明)
(5)三餐飯前不用。如:We have?breakfast?at home and?lunch?at school.節(jié)、假日前一般不用。如:On?Children’s Day?the boys often get presents from their parents.球類名詞前不用。如:The children play?football?on Saturday afternoons.
(6)城市的重要/主要建筑物名稱前不用。如:They are now at?People’s Cinema.???
(7) ?一些習慣用語中不用。
如:⑴?at / to / from / out of / after / for school;
⑵?in / to / for / after class;?
⑶in / to / out of / into bed;?
⑷?after / at/ from / out of / to work;?
⑸?at / to sea;?
⑹?in / from / down / to town;
⑺?at / from home;?
⑻?at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper;?
⑼?at night/noon/midnight;?
⑽?on foot;?
⑾?go to school/bed;?
⑿?on top of;?
⒀?in front of;?
⒁?on show/display/duty/watch;?
⒂?in / out of hospital;?
⒃?at all;?
⒄?on/in time;?
⒅?at first/last/once;?
⒆?in Chinese/English, etc.;?
⒇?take care of
數(shù)詞
一、分類:數(shù)詞有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩種。英語的數(shù)詞可以作句子的主語、賓語、表語和定語。
(一)基數(shù)詞:表示數(shù)目的詞叫基數(shù)詞。
1、英語中常用的基數(shù)詞有:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
|
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
|
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
|
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
|
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
|
twenty
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
one(a) hundred
|
23
35
101
|
twenty-three
thirty-five
one hundred and one
|
1000→one(a) thousand;
10000→?ten thousand,100000→one hundred thousand ;
1000000→one?million,10000000→ten million, 100000000→one hundred million;
108→one hundred and eight;
146→one hundred and forty-six;
500→five hundred;
1001→one thousand and one;
1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen. ?
2、[注]:
(1)百位與十位之間要加and;十萬位和萬位,億位和千萬位之間通常也要加and。
(2)英語用千、百萬等單位計數(shù),大數(shù)字從右向左看,每隔三位劃一逗號,倒數(shù)第一個逗號之前要用thousand,倒數(shù)第二個逗號之前要用million,倒數(shù)第三的逗號之前要用billion表示。
(3)hundred、 thousand、 million作數(shù)詞時,不用復數(shù),前面可以加上one, two, …等其它數(shù)詞。用作名詞時復數(shù)表示“成…上…”,后面必須要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等詞。如:five hundred(五百),hundreds of(成百上千的),ten thousand(一萬),thousands of(成千上萬的),millions of(成百萬的)
(二)序數(shù)詞:表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。
1、?英語的序數(shù)詞基本變法:
(1)一般在基數(shù)詞后加th,?? ?(2)-ve結(jié)尾的改為-fth,
(3)-ty結(jié)尾的改為-tieth,?? ?(4)熟記特殊詞。
2、序數(shù)詞如下:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
|
※first
※second
※third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
|
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
|
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
|
20th
30th
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th
|
twentieth
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
one undredth
|
21st
22nd
23rd
35th
101st
|
twenty-first
twenty-second
twenty-third
thirty-fifth
one hundred and first
|
1000th→one thousandth;
1000000th?→one millionth;
第703→the seven hundred and third;
第5480→the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.
3、[注]:
(1)兩位以上的序數(shù)詞僅個位數(shù)部分用序數(shù)詞,其余部分仍用基數(shù)詞。如:thirty-sixth,
(2)使用序數(shù)詞時一般加定冠詞the.?如:I’m in?the?third grade.
(3)序數(shù)詞作“幾分之幾”講時,有復數(shù)形式。
如:1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→ two thirds?; 4/7→ four sevenths?; 1/2→ a half ; 1/4→a quarter ; 3/4→ three quarters?; 50%→ fifty hundredths?( fifty per cent).
(三)數(shù)詞的用法:
1、表示年份:2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.
2、表示日期:12月1日:?Dec.1st或the first of December;2002年11月8日:?Nov. 8th, 2002.
3、表示時刻:5:15→ five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8:30→ eight thirty或half past eight ;10:45→ ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.
4、表示編號:Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen;P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine
5、小數(shù)的讀法:5.7→?five point seven, ?0.16 →zero point one six.
6、“半”的表達:1/2→half, 半小時→half an hour,1.5小時→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.??
7、序數(shù)詞前面加the時,表示順序,加a/an時表示“再一、又一”。如:The third lesson?is rather difficult. /?Shall we read the text?a third time?