put和away都是初中學(xué)過的詞匯，按照正常的推理，很多學(xué)生很容易把put和away的意思加到一起，進(jìn)而推出“放到一邊”甚至是“扔掉”的意思，而這兩者都突出了“不重視”的意思。事實(shí)上，put away是“收放好”的意思。
我們再來看一個(gè)例子：
You should?put away?these books for later use.
根據(jù)后面的提示“for later use”，你能猜出put away是什么意思嗎？
Keys：收放好
批注：相信這次有了for later use的提示，學(xué)生不會(huì)再把put away猜成“扔掉”的意思。以上兩個(gè)例子說明了學(xué)習(xí)英語不能靠單傳地記憶單詞，即單詞不是學(xué)習(xí)英語的最小單位，而應(yīng)該是語境。到底什么是語境呢？接下來的內(nèi)容我們將會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)到。
Have you ever thought about what context is（語境）??Can you provide some examples of? context??
一. 語境的概念
語境，顧名思義指的是語言的使用環(huán)境語境。語境在英語詞匯教學(xué)中具有重要的作用，正如利奇所說?“You know a word by the company it keeps. ”“No context ,no text .”簡而言之，利用語境學(xué)詞匯的核心理念在于：只有在短語或句子中，才能體現(xiàn)出詞匯明確的意義和用法，有助于更好的理解。
二. 利用語境辨析同義單詞或者短語
1. 表“看”的詞匯：
see: “看到”的結(jié)果，see the film
e.g. ??When I looked out of the window I saw her crossing the road. 我向窗外看時(shí)，看見她在過馬路。
watch: 觀看，看守，當(dāng)心 watch TV, watch a match
e.g. ?"Now watch it, Patsy," the sergeant told her. ?“當(dāng)心，帕齊，”警官提醒她說。
Parents can't be expected to watch their children 24 hours a day. 不能指望父母全天24小時(shí)都照看自己的孩子。
look: 不及物動(dòng)詞看，表示“看”這個(gè)動(dòng)作，look at the photo, look at the blackboard
e.g. ?I look at the beautiful girl in the fog, but I can't see her clearly.
observe: 觀察到，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果
e.g. ?It was observed by none. 沒有人看見這件事。
notice: 注意到，留意到
e.g. ?She didn't notice that I had entered the room. 她沒有看到我已經(jīng)走進(jìn)屋里。
view: 觀察，查看 ?view … as…
e.g.??They viewed his actions as unnecessary. 他們認(rèn)為他多此一舉。
批注：記單詞時(shí)，我們看到see，同時(shí)就要記住see的同義詞/短語，并且同時(shí)對這些詞匯或者短語進(jìn)行簡單的區(qū)分，主要依靠固定搭配來區(qū)分，這樣對解決完形填空題幫助很大，如一般只有view才和as搭配。
練習(xí)：
1. Several possible buyers have come to?????the house.
A. look ????????B. observe ??????C. view ???????D. watch
2. They????the train until it disappeared in the distance.
A. saw ?????????B. watched ?????C. noticed ?????D. observed
Keys: 1. C該題意思是“幾個(gè)可能是買主的人來看過房子”.observe, watch含有“觀察”的意思，look是不及物動(dòng)詞，不能直接跟賓語.
2. B這句話的意思為“他們注視著火車直到它消失在遠(yuǎn)方”；saw意思是“看見”noticed“注意到”；observed “注意到，觀察”，都強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，只有watched “觀察”強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)。
2. 表“花費(fèi)”的詞匯：
spend：“花費(fèi)”時(shí)間做某事，spend some time (in) doing sth.，“花費(fèi)”金錢用于某物，spend some money on sth.
e.g. ?I spent $100 on the bike. 我花了一百美元買下那輛自行車。They spent three month touring Europe. ?他們花了三個(gè)月時(shí)間周游歐洲。
take：“花費(fèi)”時(shí)間做某事，it take sb. some time to do sth.，doing sth. takes sb. some time
e.g. It took them three years to build this road. 他們用了三年時(shí)間修完了這條路。
???Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修車。
cost：某物“花費(fèi)”某人金錢，sth. cost sb. some money
e.g.??The error cost the company one million pounds. ?這錯(cuò)誤使公司損失了一百萬英鎊。
pay for：“花費(fèi)”金錢用于某物，sb. pay some money for sth.
e.g. ?I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每個(gè)月要付20英磅的房租。
批注：如果按照語境再做個(gè)詳細(xì)的歸類，會(huì)有以下發(fā)現(xiàn)：
人花錢用于某事/物：spend… on…, pay for ??反過來 ?某物/花費(fèi)某人金錢：cost
人花錢用于某事：spend…(in) doing sth., take
練習(xí)：
1、綜合使用：這件外套花費(fèi)了我100元。運(yùn)用幾種不同的表達(dá)方式進(jìn)行翻譯。
2. They spend too much time???????the report.
A. writing ??????B. to write ?????C. on writing ?????D. write
3. --What beautiful shoes you’re wearing! They must be expensive.
--No，they only???????l0 yuan．
A．spent ??????B．took ???????C．paid ?????????D．cost
4. --Will you please????????for my dinner Peter?
??--Sure!
A. spend ??????B. pay ?????????C. cost ???????????D. take
5. It will???????me too much time to read this book.
A. take ???????B. cost ??????????C. spend ?????????D. pay
6. This science book ____ me a great amount of money. ?
?A. took ??????B. cost ??????????C. used ?????????D. spent
Keys:
①I spend 100 yuan on this coat.=I spend 100 yuan to buy this coat.
②The coat cost me 100 yuan.=It cost me 100 yuan to buy this coat.
③I paid 100 yuan for this coat.
④It takes me 100 yuan to buy this coat.
2-6. A D B A B
3. 表“帶”的詞匯：
bring：帶來，向說話人方向靠近
e.g. ?He brought a new book with him. 他帶來一本新書。
take：帶走，遠(yuǎn)離說話人方向
e.g. ?Please take the letter to the post office. 請把這封信送到郵局去
carry：攜帶，無方向
e.g. ?The wounded soldiers were carried away. 傷兵被運(yùn)走了。
fetch：去拿回來，先過去拿，然后帶過來
e.g. ?Fetch me my hat please. 請把我的帽子取來。
練習(xí)：
1.bring ?????2.take ?????3.fetch ?????4.get ?????5.carry
選用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空。
Next time don’t forget to ___________ me a copy of your work.
Please _______ these books to the library for me.
Please ________ me the documents in that room.
____________ that box with you, and if it is too heavy for you to ________it, I’ll send Joe to _______it.
Keys: 1. bring ?????2. take ?????3. fetch / get ????4. Bring, carry, fetch/get
4. 表“參加”的詞匯：
attend：常指參加或出席正式的活動(dòng)或場合，如婚禮，會(huì)議等
e.g. ?He did not attend the wedding yesterday. 昨天他沒有參加婚禮。
join：指加入某黨派、某組織或某社會(huì)團(tuán)體，以及參軍等
e.g.??I will never forget the day when I joined the Party.我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了入黨的那一天。
join in：通常指參加某種活動(dòng)，尤其指和其他人一起參加某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)
e.g. ?I hope you”ll all join in the discussion.我希望你們大家都參加討論。
take part in：指參加群眾性活動(dòng)、會(huì)議、勞動(dòng)等，往往指參加者持有積極的態(tài)度，起一份作用，有時(shí)與join in可互換
e.g. ?We should take an active part in school activities.我們應(yīng)該積極參加學(xué)校的活動(dòng)。
participate in：是“參與，參加”活動(dòng)，討論等。和take part in可以互用。
e.g. ?Lily didn't participate in the discussion yesterday.麗麗昨天沒有參加討論。
??
練習(xí)：
1.attend ????2.join ????3.join in ????4.take part in
選用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空。
All of us will??????????????????the celebration of the victory of World War Ⅱ.
The genius???????????the International Association of Poets when he was only fourteen years old.
We'll??????????????social practice during the summer vacation.
e'll?????????an important meeting tomorrow.
Keys: 1. join in, 2. join, 3. take part in, 4. attend
考考你！
speak，say，tell什么意思？他們之間的區(qū)別是什么？
Keys：屬于“講”。
區(qū)別：speak接某種語言，say后面接具體講的話，tell和story和lie是固定搭配。
三.?利用語境辨析多義詞
效率低的記單詞方式：詞素——詞匯——詞組——句子。 特點(diǎn)：結(jié)構(gòu)上嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，意思上孤立。
語境學(xué)單詞法：注重整體與情景。（講故事），如：
1、dear是個(gè)多義詞，可以編成一句話來記憶它的不同意義如：Oh dear（哎呀）!My dear（親愛的）, it's too dear（這太貴了）。這樣生動(dòng)有趣，對dear一詞的多種意義也就很容易地掌握了。
2、eager意思是“渴望的，熱心的”，學(xué)生一般理解為“渴望”，所以當(dāng)作v.，但是放在be eager to do 這個(gè)語境中就很容易理解為adj.了
3、water
（a）I’m very thirsty, and I want to drink some water.
（b）The flowers are dry, and I must water them every day.
（c）There is some water in the bottle, and we can drink it.
批注：從語境中我們可猜測出(a) (c)句中的water 是水，(b)句的是澆水的意思，從中我們也可以知道water 不同的詞性和用法。即，記water意識(shí)時(shí)我們記得是短語（drink some water, water flowers），而不是孤立的單詞。這樣既便于記住詞性和詞義，也便于掌握單詞的運(yùn)用。
考考你！
這些sound都是什么意思呢？
1.?The house was surprisingly?sound, though it was more than two hundred years old.
2.?These children are mentally?sound, but physically handicapped.
3.?This wall gives back the?sound?of your voice.
4.?I have a?sound?sleep after walking a whole day in the countryside.
5.?It?sounds?great that boys and girls will have the same education in Africa.
6.?Fortunately, we were safe and?sound?after the earthquake.
Keys：根據(jù)上面例句中給出的具體語境,我們可以知道 “sound” 的詞義按順序分別為: “堅(jiān)固的”、“健全的”、 “聲音”、 “香甜的”、“聽起來”、 “完好的”。
四. 利用語境理解詞匯的文化含義
為什么我們會(huì)說，“這個(gè)明星最近很紅”而不是“這個(gè)明星最近很綠呢”
-----因?yàn)檫@是我們的習(xí)慣表達(dá)！
正如我們中文中的俗語一樣，英語中也有許多特定的表達(dá)，從字面上我們無法準(zhǔn)確判斷含義，這時(shí)，我們就需要將這些俗語放到語境中進(jìn)行理解，語境的作用也就格外重要
下面我們舉幾個(gè)例子來看看吧，你知道green hand, let the cat out of the bag和Do as the Romans do分別是什么意思嗎？下面我們把這幾個(gè)詞放入句子中，現(xiàn)在你能猜出他們是什么意思嗎？
e.g. He is a?green hand?and he should learn from all of you.
e.g. The police finally?let the cat out of the bag?and Peter was set free.
e.g. Peter doesn’t know how to use chopsticks but he always knows?Do as the Romans do.So he starts to follow the host.
從第一句話中表明“他需要像你們學(xué)習(xí)”可以得出“green hand”指的是“新人”；第二句中說“警察最終將Peter無罪釋放”，可以推測出“l(fā)et the cat out of the bag”指的是“查明真相“;最后一句更容易推測，既然“他開始模仿主人”那很容易就理解“do as the Romans do”的意思就是“入鄉(xiāng)隨俗”。
從上面的例子看，將這些俗語放入特定的語境，理解起來其實(shí)是不是也挺簡單的呢？
1.根據(jù)語境辨析單詞和短語的用法：
由…制成：be made of, be made from
1. The desk is made __________ wood.
2. Paper is made__________ wood.
3. This kite is made __________ paper.
4. Salt is made __________seawater.
Keys: 1.of ??2.from ???3.of ????4.from
…熟悉…：be familiar with, be familiar to
Are you????????????this type of car?
The city isn't?????????????me.
Keys: 1. be familiar with ??????2. be familiar to
借：borrow, lend, keep
Can you?????????????me 5000$? I will pay you back tomorrow?
Can I?????????????it for five days?
I????????????????two English novels from the school library.
Keys: 1. lend ?2. keep ?????3. borrowed