知 識(shí) 清 單
動(dòng) 詞 不 定 式
不定式：to + 動(dòng)詞原形
知識(shí)梳理：提綱挈領(lǐng)，抓住重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)！
動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是“to + 動(dòng)詞原形”，有時(shí)可以不帶to。動(dòng)詞不定式（或不定式短語(yǔ)）沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能作謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式仍可保留動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，即可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式同它的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。如：to read the newspaper, to speak at the meeting 等
動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，因此在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)：
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?句法作用
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????????例 ??????句 ?
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作賓語(yǔ)
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She wanted to borrowed my radio.
They began?to read and write.
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????作狀語(yǔ)
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She went to see her grandma last Sunday .
He came to give us a talk yesterday.
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作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
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Lucy asked him to turn off the radio.
She asked me?to speak more loudly
Jim told Ling Feng to go home at once .
The father made his son study hard.
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??作定語(yǔ)
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Have you got anything to say?
I had something?to eat this morning .
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作主語(yǔ)
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To learn a foreign language is not easy.
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注：作主語(yǔ)用的動(dòng)詞不定式常常為it替代，動(dòng)詞不定式（或短語(yǔ)）放在后面。例如：
??It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
??It?took us three days to do the work.
動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式由“not+動(dòng)詞不定式”構(gòu)成. ?如:
Tell him not to be late.
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.
4) 不定式省去to的情況: 在感官動(dòng)詞see，watch，look at，hear， listen to，feel和使役動(dòng)詞make，have，let等所接的賓語(yǔ)中（不定式做賓語(yǔ)不足語(yǔ)），不定式應(yīng)省去to。但是在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不能省。如：
Let me listen to?you sing?the song.
He watched?his son?play?computer games.
I saw him?run?away.------He was seen?to run?away.
The boss?make the workers?work the whole night.----The workers were made?to work?the whole night.
5) 動(dòng)詞不定式和疑問(wèn)詞連用
?動(dòng)詞不定式可以和疑問(wèn)詞what ,which, how, where, when 等連用，構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。如：
??The question is when to start.
??I don’t know where to go .
??He showed me?how to use a computer.
??What to do?is a big problem.
例題解析：舉一反三，學(xué)的更輕松！
翻譯下列句子，說(shuō)出句中不定式的作用：
1. To grow plants is very important.
2. It is so nice to hear your voice.
3. My dream is to be a pilot.
4. He began to read and write at the age of five.
5. The teacher asked me to speak more loudly.
6. Tom came to see me last night.
7. I am glad to see you.
8.Have you got anything to say?
9.There are many places to see in China.
10.I asked him not to open the window.
11. I don’t know what to buy for you.
12. I saw him dance.
13. He often helps me clean the room.
14. They are too shy to speak English.
15. He was lucky enough to find his watch.
16. I want you to go there together with me.
解析：1、To grow plants做主語(yǔ)；
2、to hear your voice做主語(yǔ)；
3、to be a pilot作表語(yǔ)；
4、to read and write作賓語(yǔ)；、
5、to speak more loudly作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；
6、to see me作狀語(yǔ)；
7、to see you作狀語(yǔ)；
8、to say作定語(yǔ)；
9、to see作定語(yǔ)；
10、not to open the window作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；
11、what to buy作賓語(yǔ)；
12、dance作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（省略to）；
13、clean the room作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（省略to）；
14、to speak English作狀語(yǔ)；
15、to find his watch作狀語(yǔ)；
16、to go there together with me作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
二、動(dòng)名詞
1.動(dòng)名詞的構(gòu)成
動(dòng)名詞的基本形式為“v.+-ing”。
2.常跟動(dòng)名詞的詞
英語(yǔ)中有一些動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）后面常跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
收 我們初中階段常見(jiàn)的有：finish,enjoy,mind,miss,be worth , be busy , practice , have fun , have trouble / difficulty(in),feel like,be used to(習(xí)慣于）,give up,keep on,consider,suggest,can't help。我們可按下面的順口溜記憶一些詞或短語(yǔ)：
完成練習(xí)值得忙（finish,practice,be worth,be busy);繼續(xù)習(xí)慣別放棄（keep on,be used to,give up);
考慮建議不禁想（consider,suggest,can't help,feel like);
喜歡思念要介意（enjoy,miss,mind)。
3.注意含有介詞to的固定短語(yǔ)
在初中階段的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，學(xué)生常常會(huì)遇到含有介
詞的短語(yǔ)，下列動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中的to為介詞，其后需要接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞。
①make(a)contribution(s)to為……做貢獻(xiàn)。
②devote oneself to獻(xiàn)身，致力于……。如：
He has devoted himself to helping disabled people.
他一生致力于幫助殘疾人。
③look forward to期盼，盼望。如：
We are so much looking forward to seeing you again我們非常盼望再見(jiàn)到你。
④prefer...to...比起……更喜歡……。如
I prefer walking to cycling.我愿意步行，而不愿意騎自行車(chē)。
⑤be used to...習(xí)慣……；適應(yīng)……。如：
She is quite used to working hard.她很習(xí)慣努力工作。
4.兩組固定搭配
①prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. = prefer doing sth.to doing sth.寧愿做某件事而不愿做另一件事。如：
I prefer to learn English rather than play the piano on Sundays. =I prefer learning English to playing the piano on Sundays.在周日，我寧愿學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，也不愿去彈鋼琴。
②need,require,want后跟不定式和動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別
當(dāng)need,require,want作“需要”解時(shí)，后加動(dòng)名詞等
于后加不定式的被動(dòng)式。如：
The window needs cleaning.
=The window needs to be cleaned.
那扇窗戶需要清洗。
三、分詞
1.分詞的構(gòu)成
分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種。現(xiàn)在分詞的本形式為“動(dòng)詞原形+-ing”；過(guò)去分詞的基本形式是“動(dòng)詞原形+-ed”，但也有不規(guī)則的形式。
2.現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)和不定式作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別
我們常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞如 see,watch,notice,hear等，接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，表示已經(jīng)完成了的或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。如：
I heard him singing in the classroom.
我聽(tīng)到他正在教室里唱歌。（“唱”這個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行）
I heard him sing in the classroom.
我聽(tīng)到他在教室里唱歌了。（“唱”這個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)
I saw him going up the stairs
我看見(jiàn)他正在上樓。（“上樓”這個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行）
I saw him go up the stairs.
我看見(jiàn)他上樓了。（“上樓”這個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成）
3.現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別
(1)在語(yǔ)態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義。如：
the exploiting class剝削階級(jí)
the exploited class 被剝削階級(jí)
(2)在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如：
the developing country發(fā)展中國(guó)家
the developed country發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家
the rising sun 正在升起的太陽(yáng)
the risen sun升起來(lái)的太陽(yáng)
4.have sb.do sth.,have sb./sth.doing sth.和have sth.done的區(qū)別
(1)have sb.do sth.意為“讓某人做某事”，have可以用let,make代替。不定式往往表示一次性的具體動(dòng)作，且強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或尚未發(fā)生。如：
The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father.
士兵們讓這個(gè)男孩背對(duì)他的父親站著
(2)have sb./sth.doing sth.意為“讓某人/物一直做某事”。have可以用keep代替，現(xiàn)在分詞（doing)所表示的動(dòng)作往往具有持續(xù)進(jìn)行的含義。如：
The two men had their lights burning all night long.
那兩個(gè)人讓燈通宵亮著。
(3)have sth.
sb.else to do sth.,過(guò)去分詞（done)所表示的動(dòng)作由他人(非主語(yǔ)本身）來(lái)完成，含有被動(dòng)意義。如
The driver had his car washed once a week.
這個(gè)司機(jī)一周讓人洗一次車(chē)。
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