???????知 識 清 單
知識梳理:提綱挈領(lǐng),抓住重點和難點!
一、形容詞
用來修飾名詞,表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征的詞,叫形容詞。
形容詞的作用,見下表:
作 ???用
|
例 ???????????????????????句
|
定 ???語
|
You can see a lot of?beautiful flowers in the garden.
|
表 ???語
|
Your coat is too small.
|
賓語補足語
|
The old woman keeps everything?clean and tidy.
|
注意:有些形容詞只能作表語,如:alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如:
Don’t wake the sleeping baby up. He is asleep.
The old man is alone.
形容詞用來修飾something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代詞,要放在這些詞的后面。例如:
You’d better tell us something interesting.
The police found nothing strange in the room.
多個形容詞做定語時排列的先后順序是:
1)冠詞或人稱代詞 ?2)數(shù)詞 ?3)性質(zhì) 4)大小 ?5)形狀
6)表示老少,新舊 ?7)顏色 ?8)事務、質(zhì)地、人的國籍、用途。例如:
His grandpa still lives in this small short house.
他爺爺還住在這個矮小的房子里。
The woman bought two beautiful Chinese plates.
那個婦女買了兩個漂亮的中國盤子。
形容詞名詞化:有些形容詞前加定冠詞后變成名詞,表示一類人,謂語常用復數(shù)。這類詞有:rich / poor;
good / bad ; young / old ; healthy / ill ; living / dead ; black / white (表示人種等)。例如:
The young should take good care of the old.
年輕人應該好好照顧老人。
The rich never help the poor in this country.
在這個國家,富人從來不幫助窮人。
表示數(shù)量的詞組。如:
One day, a young man, twenty-five years old, came to visit the professor.
有一天,一位25歲的年輕人來拜訪這位教授。
I live in a building about fifty meters high.
我住在一做大約50米高的大樓里。
形容詞短語做定語時要后置。如:
They are the students easy to teach.
他們是很容易較的學生。
We live in a house much larger than yours.
我們住的房子比你們的大得多。
else要放在疑問代詞或復合不定詞之后。如:
Did you see anybody else?
你看到別的人了嗎?
二、副詞
英語中副詞的位置和漢語不盡相同,它的位置比較靈活。通常用作狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等。下面來介紹一下副詞的分類方法:
多數(shù)副詞都可以放在它所修飾的動詞后面。如:
We are living happily.
我們幸福的生活著。
He runs slowly.
他跑的很慢。
時間副詞、地點副詞和方式副詞一般放在句末。如:
They went to the park yesterday morning.
昨天上午他們?nèi)ス珗@了。
I heard him sing English songs over there.
我聽見他在那邊唱英語歌曲。
He drove the jeep carefully.
他小心地開著吉普。
注意: 有時表示時間的副詞也可放在句首,起強調(diào)作用。如:
Yesterday I got up late.
昨天我起床很晚。
頻度副詞一般放在be動詞、情態(tài)動詞及第一個助動詞之后,實義動詞之前
如:He is seldom ill.
????他很少生病。
???You must always remember this.
???你一定要記住這一點。
???I often write to my parents.
???我經(jīng)常寫信給父母。
???Do you usually go to school on foot.
??你經(jīng)常走路去上學?
??He has never been to Beijing.
??他從來沒有去過北京。
注意: 有時為了加強語氣,頻度副詞也可放在句首。如:
Sometimes she goes to school by bus and sometimes she goes to school by bike.
有時她乘公共汽車上學,有時騎自行車去。
程度副詞修飾動詞時,與頻度副詞相同,修飾形容詞和副詞時,放在它所修
飾的詞前面。如:
That’s quite early.
那很早。
I nearly missed the bus.
我?guī)缀蹂e過了公交車。
She did rather badly.
她干得相當糟。
否定副詞一般放在動詞之前、系動詞be或助動詞之后。如:
She seldom goes out at night.
她晚上很少出門。
I am never late for school.
我上學從不遲到。
We had hardly got to the station when the train left.
火車離開時,我們差不多/幾乎到了車站。
疑問副詞放在特殊疑問句的句首。如:
When can you come?
你什么時候來?
How many days are there in a month?
一個月有多少天?
What are you going to do when you grow up?
張大以后,你打算干什么?
Where were you born?
你是在那里出生的?
Why didn’t he come?
他為什么沒有來?
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why 引導定語從句時,位于從句之前、所修飾的詞之后。如:
Tell me the reason why you did it.
把你這樣做的理由告訴我。
It’s the sort of day when you’d like to stay in bed.
這是個令人戀床不起的日子。
I don’t know the place where we will go.
我不知道我們將要去的地方。
同時存在時間狀語和地點狀語時,時間狀語一般放在后面。如:
The meeting will be held in the classroom tomorrow.
明天會議將在教室里舉行。
He watched TV in his room last night.
他作晚在房間里看電視。
They arrived in Beijing at 8 o’clock last evening.
他們昨天晚上8:00到達北京。
注:有些詞既可用做形容詞也可副詞。如:
late, wide, well, fast, easy, early 等
The road is so wide that 8 buses can go throw it at a time.
Open your mouth wide.
三. 形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級
大多數(shù)形容詞(性質(zhì)形容詞)和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化,即原級、比較級和最高級,用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形,比較級和最高級有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。
1) 規(guī)則變化
單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞,加詞尾-er,-est來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。
構(gòu)成法
|
原級
|
比較級
|
最高級
|
一般單音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est
|
tall
|
taller
|
tallest
|
以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音詞和少數(shù)以- le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞只加-r,-st
|
nice
|
nicer
|
nicest
|
以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞,雙寫結(jié)尾的輔音字母,再加-er,-est
|
big
|
bigger
|
biggest
|
"以輔音字母+y"結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞,改y為i,再加-er,-est
|
busy
|
busier
|
busiest
|
少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est
|
clever/narrow
|
cleverer/ narrower
|
cleverest/ narrowest
|
其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞,在前面加more,most來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級
|
important/ easily
|
more important/ more easily
|
most important/ most easily
|
?
2) 不規(guī)則變化
原級
|
比較級
|
最高級
|
Good
|
better
|
best
|
well(健康的)
|
worse
|
worst
|
Bad
|
ill(有病的)
|
Old
|
older/elder
|
oldest/eldest
|
much/many
|
more
|
most
|
Little
|
less
|
least
|
far
|
farther/further
|
farthest/furthest
|
3)主語+謂語(系動詞)+as+形容詞原形+as+從句。表示兩者對比相同。
(1)在否定句或疑問句中可用so… as。例如:
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
?他沒你跑得快。
Maths is as interesting as English.
數(shù)學和英語一樣有趣。
(2)當as… as 中間有名詞時采用以下格式:as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞/ as + many/much +名詞。例如:
This is as good an example as the other is.
這個例子和另外一個一樣好。
I can carry as much paper as you can.
?你能搬多少紙,我也能。
(3)用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時,放在as的前面。例如:
This room is twice as big as that one.
?這房間的面積是那間的兩倍。
Your room is the same size as mine.
你的房間和我的一樣大。
(4)倍數(shù)+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍數(shù)+ the … + of。例如:
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
這座橋的長度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
?你的房間是我的兩倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
4)比較級形容詞或副詞 + than 。例如:
You are taller than I.
?你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.
你房間的那些燈比我房間里的亮。
注意:
1)要避免重復使用比較級。
(錯) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(對) He is?more clever?than his brother.
(對) He is clever than his brother.
2)要避免將主語含在比較對象中。
(錯) China is larger than any country in Asia.
(對) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)要注意對應句型,遵循前后一致的原則。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4)要注意定冠詞在比較級中的使用。
比較:Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is?the taller of the two sisters.
?(2) most 同形容詞連用而不用 the,表示 "極,很,非常, 十分"。
It's?most dangerous?to be here. 在這兒太危險。
(4) " 形容詞比較級 + and + 形容詞比較級 ", 表示 " 越來越... "。
It's getting?hotter and hotter.?天氣越來越熱。
四、最高級表達形式及用法
I、基本用法
1、三個或三個以上的人或事物相比,其中一個人或事物在某方面比其他都好,這就要使用形容詞與副詞的最高級。其結(jié)構(gòu)為:the+形容詞/副詞(最高級)+其他+of(in,among)+(比較范圍)例如:
This is the happiest day in my life.這是我一生中最快樂的一天。
This is one of the best novels that I have ever read.這是我所看過的小說中最好的一本。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黃河是中國第二長的河流。
2、最高級的副詞和形容詞的比較應該有一個范圍,這個范圍通常由介詞of,in,among+名(代)詞構(gòu)成的介詞短語來表示。
Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers in the school.趙小姐是學校里最受歡迎的教師之一。
Of all the students, Wangbing reads (the) most correctly.在所有的這些學生當中王冰讀得最準確。
They all came early but she came (the) earliest of all.他們都來得很早,但她來得最早。
II、比較級表示最高級的幾個句型:
在中學英語里,最高級表示的最常見形式是“主語+謂語+the most.......(est) + 比較范圍。”除此之外,常見的表達最高級含義的比較級結(jié)構(gòu)還有:
1)主語 + 謂語 + 比較級 + than the others
This one is much larger than the others.這一個比其它大的多得多。
He is taller than the others in his class.他比班上其他人都高。
2)主語 + 謂語 + 比較級 + than anyone (anybody, anything)else
He is stronger than anyone else in his class.他比班上的任何人都強壯。
His handwriting is much better than anyone else's.他的書法比其他人都好
3) 主語+謂語+比較級 + than any other +單數(shù)名詞
I think Chinese is more popular than any other subject.我想漢語比任何的課程更受歡迎。
Tom is taller than any other student in our class.湯姆在我們班比其他任何一個學生都高。
India produces more films than any other country in the world.印度是世界上拍攝電影最多的國家。
獲得更多試題及答案,歡迎聯(lián)系微信公眾號:ygjjcom