(一)
Life in the 21st century will be different because many changes will take place, but what will the changes be?
The population is growing fast. There will be more people in the world and most of them will live longer than before. Computers will be much smaller and more useful, and there will be at least one in every home. And computer studies will be one of the important subjects in school.
People will work fewer hours than they did in the 20th century, and they will have more free time for sports, watching TV and traveling. Traveling will be much cheaper and easier. And more people will go to other countries for holidays.
There will be changes in our food, too. More land will be used for building new towns and houses. Then there will be less room for cows and sheep, so meat will be more expensive. Maybe no one will eat it every day, instead they eat more vegetables and fruits. Maybe people will be healthier.
Work in the future will be different, too. Dangerous and hard work will be done by robots. Because of this, many people will not have enough work to do. This will be a problem.
1.Why will life be different in the 21st century?
?
2.What do computers look in the future?
?
3.People will spend more free time on sports, watching TV and traveling, won't they?
?
4.People may not have as much????????as they did in the 20th century.
?
5.Who will do the dangerous and hard work?
?
(二)
There will be a kind of new cars in the future. People will like this kind of small cars better than the big ones. The car is as small as a bike. But it can carry two people in it. Everybody can drive it easily, just like riding a bike. Even children and old people can drive them to school or parks.
If everyone drives such cars in the future, there will be less pollution in the air. There will be more space for all the cars in cities, and there will also be more space for people to walk in the streets.
The small cars of the future will cost less money to buy and to drive. These small cars can go only 65 kilometers an hour, so driving will be safer. The cars of the future will be fine for going around the city, but they will not be useful for a long trip.
This kind of cars can save a lot of gas. They will go 450 kilometers, and then they have to stop for more gas. They are nice cars, aren't they?
1.Will people like small or big cars?
?
2.Will the small car bring more pollution?
?
3.Why is driving the small cars safer?
?
4.Will the cars be useful for a long trip?
?
5.How long can the small cars go before they have to stop for more gas?
?
(三)
Who is better at communication, humans or animals? If you think about human inventions such as the telephone, the radio, and the Internet, then the answer to this question seems clear. Human beings are better communicators. However, if you compare what you can do with the abilities of certain animals, then the answer is not simple. Animals can do some things that people cannot.
We humans depend on our voices for much of our communication. We use words and sounds to pass information to the people around us. But the sound of our voices cannot travel very far. Even the voice of an opera singer as well as many animal voices. Think of the elephant, for example. Its voice has great strength because of the elephant's great size, so it for miles. Elephants can also make very low sounds, which are too deep for any human to hear. These low sounds let elephants communicate over even longer distances.
Also, many animals communicate through smells. A smell can carry a lot of information. For example, a smell can say, "This is my place—get out!" Many animals receive messages through their noses just as humans do. For example, your nose might tell you, "There's fresh coffee in the kitchen. It's time to get out of bed." But people don't usually use smell to communicate, and our noses don't receive message very well.
Our voices are not the strongest and our noses are not the best, but we human beings are the only ones with words and written languages. So, maybe we can still say we are better communicators.
1.Why human beings are better communicators according to Paragraph 1?
?
2.What do human beings use to pass information?
?
3.Whose voice has great strength in this passage?
?
4.Can humans hear elephants' low sound?
?
5.What else do animals use to communicate besides sound?
?
?
(四)
Can dogs and cats live in peace in the same home? People are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new way for success. According to the study, if the owner raises a cat before raising a dog, or if he starts raising them when they are very young, it is highly possible that the two pets will get along sweetly.
However, it wasn't all sweetness. There was a reported coldness between the cat and dog in 25% of the homes, while attacking (攻擊) and fighting can be seen (被發(fā)現(xiàn)) in 10% of the homes. One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals (信號(hào)) are just opposite. For example, when a cat turns its head away it means attack, while a dog doing the same it means kindness.
In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully, researchers found a surprising behavior. They are learning how to talk each other's language. It is a surprise that cats can learn how to talk "dog", and dogs can learn how to talk "cat".
What's interesting is that both cats and dogs seem to develop their intelligence (智力). They can learn to read each other's body signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than we thought before. Once they are familiar with each other's presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together on the sofa. They can easily share the same water bowl and in some cases groom (梳理) each other.
1.In what condition may cats and dogs get on well with each other?
2.Why do cats and dogs attack or fight with each other according to the passage?
?
3.What does a dog mean when it turns its head away?
?
4.In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully, what is found surprising about cats and dogs?
?
5.Can cats and dogs groom each other when they are familiar with each other?
?
?
(五)
A pair of giant pandas will head to Copenhagen for collaborative (合作) research between China and Demark. Male (雄性) He Xing and female (雌性) Mao Er, will live in the Copenhagen Zoo for 15 years.
In order to welcome them, a new panda house of 2450 square metres, at an expected cost of around 150 million Danish kroner (22 million US dollars), will be built. Construction (建設(shè)) will start in November, 2017, and will take one year.
Since November 2015, the Copenhagen Zoo has sent veterinarians (獸醫(yī)), keepers and nutritionists (營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)家) to the panda base in Chengdu. To better take care of them, zoo workers of the project also learn Chinese.
He Xing, born in July 2013, weighs 118 kg and is active in character. The panda is son of father Yong Yong and mother of Cheng Gong.
Born in July 2014, Mao Er weighs 98 kg. She is gentle and quiet. Her mother is Fu Wa used to live in Malaysia, while her father Xiong Bang, a Japan-born panda that returned to China in 2004.
1.How many pandas will go to Copenhagen?
?
2.How long will the pandas live in the Copenhagen Zoo?
?
3.Can people see He Xing and Mao Er in the Copenhagen Zoo in 2017?
?
4.What language do zoo keepers from Copenhagen learn to better take care of the pandas?
?
5.What is Mao Er like?
?
?
(五)
Dolphins (海豚) live in a dark underwater world. It's often impossible to see each other or anything else around them, so sound plays an important role in their survival. To communicate with each other, dolphins produce kinds of sounds. Only other dolphins understand what the sounds mean. Scientists haven't uncovered their secret communication, except for one kind of?whistle?(哨聲). It might last less than a second, but this whistle is a big deal. Why? Because these whistles are actually names of dolphins 一 and every dolphin has one. Scientists call these sounds a "signature?(標(biāo)志性的) whistle". When other dolphins hear the whistle, they know which dolphin is calling.
Dolphins often hunt by themselves but still need to stay connected to the group. Since they can't always see each other, dolphins use their signature whistles to check in with other dolphins hundreds of yards away. "In coastal areas, dolphins exchange (交換) whistles even when they're a third of a mile apart," says Greg Campbell, who studies animals. That means dolphins shout out to group members that might be nearly five football fields away.
What's amazing is who names the baby dolphin. Not the mother. Not an auntie dolphin or another group member. Scientists believe the baby dolphin itself comes up with the signature whistle. Like human babies, a baby dolphin plays with sounds throughout its first year. While testing its sound skills, a baby dolphin is doing something amazing. It's creating or figuring out its signature whistle. How or why it chooses its signature whistle is not clear. Studies show that most of the time the signature whistle is nothing like its mother's or group members' whistles.
When the baby dolphin is about one year old, its signature whistle is set. It repeats it often so the other dolphins learn to recognize it.
Deciphering?(破譯) dolphin names is just the beginning of figuring out what dolphins communicate about. Do they chat about sharks? Discuss the tides? Maybe they even have a name for people. Someday scientists hope to decipher the rest of dolphins' communication.
1.Why is it impossible for dolphins to see each other or anything else around them?
?
2.Can the dolphin's signature whistle travel long distances?
3.How does a baby dolphin get its name?
?
4.When is a baby dolphin's signature whistle set?
?
5.What's the purpose of the passage?
?
?
(六)
Insects are very useful in medicine. Believe it or not, doctors use maggots (蛆)in hospitals. When a person gets a very bad injury, he must get the dead skin removed. Today, doctors are using maggots to eat the dead skin around the injury. Doctors have found that maggots eat only the dead skin, so they make the injury very clean. Many hospitals keep a supply (供給) of maggots for this purpose.
Another useful insect is the mosquito (蚊子). Often people need medicine, but they live very far away from a doctor. To solve this problem, doctors give the medicine to mosquitoes. The mosquitoes then fly far away, bite people, and give them the medicine.
In the world of medicine and science, fireflies are also useful. Fireflies have a special chemical inside them. It makes their bodies shine like fire at night. This chemical can be removed from a firefly's body and used for medical tests. Scientists who do genetic engineering (遺傳工程) also use this chemical in their experiments.
1.What's the use of maggots in hospitals?
?
2.How can mosquitoes help to cure people?
?
3.What insects have a special chemical inside them according to the passage?
?
4.In which field do scientists use the chemical inside the fireflies?
?
5.Can you think of another insect that is useful in medicine? (Give an example.)
?
?
(七)
Bill likes fish very much. He often buys fish in the shop and takes it home. But when his wife sees the fish, she says to herself (她自己), "Good! Now I can ask my friends to have lunch, we can eat the fish. They like fish very much."
So when Bill comes home in the evening, the fish is not there, and his wife always says, "Oh, your cat eats it." And she gives Bill some bread for supper. Bill gets very angry (生氣的). He takes his wife and the cat to the shop near his house and weighs (稱(chēng)重) the cat. Then he turns to his wife and says, "My fish weighs one kilo. This cat weighs one kilo too. My cat is here, you see. Then where is my fish?"
1.Where does Bill often buy fish?
?
2.Who gets very angry? Why?
?
3.How much does the cat weigh?
?
4.Who ate the fish?
?
5.When does Bill come home?
?
?
(八)
The mouse Lily was fat and she was a couch potato. When the other mice were looking for food for the coming winter, she was always sleeping. "How silly they are! You look for food or not, it is always there!" She thought.
The really cold winter came. The mouse Lily was having a very bad time. When the other mice were staying at home, she had to go out to look for food. She looked here and there, but there was no food at all. She became weak and thin day by day. At last Lily found a big basket full of corn. There was a small hole in the basket, and she got into it slowly. She could just get through the hole. Then she began to eat the corn. She was very hungry, so she ate a lot of corn, and kept eating and eating. Weeks passed, she became very fat. She felt that she was very full. When Lily tried to climb out of the basket, she could not. She was too fat to get through it."How can I climb out?" Lily said loudly. Just then the mouse Time came along, and he heard the mouse Lily. "Lily," said the mouse, "Do you want to climb out of the basket? You must wait until you become thin again. You'd better become thinner and thinner than before."
1.What was Lily doing when the other mice were looking for the food for the coming winter?
?
2.What did she think of the mice that looked for food for the coming winter?
?
3.What was in the basket?
?
4.How did Lily get into the basket?
?
5.Why didn't Lily climb out of the basket?
?
?
(九)
Butterflies at Risk
What's causing problems for these beautiful insects?
Something is harming the monarchs. One of the largest butterflies in North America, monarchs are famous for their long migrations (遷徙) covering thousands of miles. Yet the number of monarchs is dropping. Bad weather conditions, putting the butterfly population in danger. Some butterfly experts say that the number of monarch butterflies has been cut by 25 percent. In recent years, unusually cold temperatures and rain have caused monarchs to die in large numbers. These conditions have also caused new butterflies not to hatch (孵化).
Will they return?
Monarchs are very sensitive (敏感的) to change because of the long distances they travel. They cover thousands of miles each year, flying between their winter homes in Mexico or Southern California and their summer homes in the Midwest. Other animals also migrate. And many travel much farther. A bird called the Arctic tern goes round trip between the Arctic and the Antarctic every year. Like the Arctic tern, a type of gray whale has a long migration. It travels 12,400 miles from Baia California in Mexico to waters off Alaska and back. The longest migration ever recorded is by the sooty shearwater. Every year this bird flies 40, 000 miles from New Zealand to the northern part of the Pacific Ocean to find food.
The monarchs don't travel as far as animals like the Arctic tern and the sooty shearwater, but their journey isn't safe. Every year as many as 100 million monarch butterflies leave Mexico for the first leg of the migration. It's hard to imagine that such a large number might be in danger. Yet many scientists tell us that the danger is very real.
In Mexico people are destroying the natural environment. They cut down the trees where millions of monarchs, spend the winter and use chemicals to kill the milkweed, the monarch's favourite food. Monarchs spend the winter in Mexico and California. In both places, development is destroying these winter homes. Unless steps are taken to protect their habitats, the monarchs' migration could become a thing of the past.
"If we lose the whole migration, we lose one of the nation's most magnificent phenomena," said Chip Taylor, a professor at the University of Kansas. These butterflies are the symbol of richness of biological diversity (生物多樣性).
1.Are monarch butterflies famous for their long migrations?
?
2.What are putting the butterfly population in danger?
?
3.Where are monarchs' winter homes?
?
4.In Paragraph 2, what animal has the longest migration?
?
5.What can people do to protect monarch butterflies?
?
?
(十)
Lately I am wondering about the dangers dolphins are facing. I wonder how people are a danger to them. I know that there are some killings of dolphins in Japan. These are very?cruel?actions because they are just killing them so that dolphins can stop eating fish.
As I'm learning more about dolphins now, what I'm wondering about is: What other dangers do dolphins face? I look for the answers online and find this:
"Dolphins are in danger because they have no hair to protect themselves from the oil. The oil does harm to their eyes, their skin and other parts of their bodies," said Mandy Tumlin, a biologist at the Louisiana Department of Wildlife.
This can be very dangerous for dolphins. Many newborn dolphins will not be able to survive because of the oil.
Many other dolphins die because they get too close to the sea bank. Once two—dozen dolphins seemed to kill themselves by landing on the beach. Some people said they were misguided(誤導(dǎo)). I feel sad to see what happened to those dolphins. Dolphins are very lovely animals and we should try our best to protect them.
1.Why do people in Japan kill dolphins?
?
2.What's the Chinese meaning of the underlined word "cruel"?
?
3.Why is the number of the dolphins getting smaller and smaller?
?
4.Why can't dolphins protect themselves from the oil?
?
5.What's the title for the passage?
?
?
(十一)
Pandas are in danger. There are only about 1600 pandas in the wild today. Zoos and research centers are looking after about 340 pandas. Pandas do not have many babies, and baby pandas often die.The situation is getting very difficult. Scientists are doing a lot of research to help pandas produce more babies and help baby pandas live.
Pandas live in the forests and mountains of Southwest China. Each panda needs to eat a lot of bamboo every day. The bamboo forests are getting smaller, so pandas are losing their homes.
In order to protect pandas in the wild, the government is setting up nature parks and developing other plans. The nature parks will be big and there will be more bamboo to feed pandas. Pandas born in zoos may go back to live in the nature parks.
The World Wide Fund for Nature wants to protect all animals. And it chose the panda to be its symbol. We don't want to lose tigers, elephants or any other animals, so WWF is working hard to save them.
1.How many pandas are there in the world?
?
2.Why are pandas in danger?
?
3.Where do pandas live?
?
4.How does the government help to protect pandas?
?
5.Why does the writer write the passage?
?
?
(十二)
Can dolphins talk? They can't talk with words, but they talk with?sounds. They show their feelings with sounds.
Dolphins travel in a group. We call a group of fish a "school". They don't study, but they travel together. Dolphins are mammals (哺乳動(dòng)物), not fish, but they swim together in a school.
Dolphins talk with each other in the school. They give information. They tell when they are happy or sad or afraid. They say "Welcome" when a dolphin comes back to the school. They talk when they play.
They make a few sounds above water. They make many more?sounds under water. People cannot hear these sounds because the sounds are very, very high. Scientists make tapes of the sounds and study them.
Sometimes people catch dolphins for a large aquarium (水族館).?people can watch the dolphins in a show. Dolphins don't like to be away from their school in an aquarium. They are sad.
There are many stories about dolphins. They help people.?Sometimes they save somebody's life. Dolphins' meat is good, but people don't like to kill them. They say that dolphins bring good luck. Many people believe this.
1.Can dolphins talk with words?
?
2.What do we call a group of fish?
?
3.When do they say "Welcome"?
?
4.Where do they make more sounds, above water or under water?
?
5.In fact, do dolphins really bring good luck? Why?
?
?
(十三)
There are about forty-seven different kinds of kangaroos (袋鼠) in the world. The smallest are about a fourth of a meter long; the biggest are taller than a man.
Kangaroos have very long strong back legs. These are for jumping. They also have long strong tails (尾巴) to rest on. Kangaroos’ front legs are much shorter, and are almost like arms. Kangaroos’ heads are quite small, but their ears are quite large.
Mother kangaroos have a pocket at the front. They have one baby each year. When the baby is born, it is straight into its mother’s pocket. The baby kangaroos stay there for six months.
The biggest kangaroos stand more than two meters tall, and their legs are so strong that they can jump more than nine meters. They are very fast, and can travel at more than 50 kilometers an hour. They are very strong, but they only eat fruit, leaves and grass.
1.How many kinds of kangaroos are there in the world?
?
2.Are their front legs as long as their back legs?
?
3.How long do baby kangaroos stay in their mothers’ pockets?
?
4.Why can the biggest kangaroos jump more than nine meters?
?
5.What do kangaroos eat?
?
?
(十四)
Many people must feel surprised to see a dog taking a bus. But people in King County, USA, don't feel so. Why? Because they have their "star on the bus"—a dog named Eclipse. She can take a bus by herself.
Jeff, Eclipse's owner (主人), said Eclipse's first ride started 4 years ago. One day they were waiting for the bus at the station. Jeff was busy with his own thing when the bus arrived. So he asked Eclipse to wait for the next bus. But excited Eclipse didn't listen to him. She jumped in the bus when the door opened. Finally the two met in the park. Later it became a habit (習(xí)慣) and turned Eclipse into a local "big star".
Eclipse loves going to the park, but sometimes her owner is too busy. So the dog leaves the house, gets on the bus and goes to the park by herself. Now, all the bus drivers and many local people know her. So when Eclipse gets on the bus, everyone smiles and greets her.
1.Why does Eclipse become a "big star"?
?
2.When was Eclipse's first ride?
?
3.What did Jeff do when the bus arrived?
?
4.What does Eclipse like doing?
?
5.Does everyone like Eclipse on the bus?
?
?
(十五)
Dogs like living with people. They are very friendly. They can do many things for people. Some dogs help people to look after sheep, other dogs help them to find the lost children. And some of the dogs can help the blind (盲人), they are the Seeing Eye Dogs.
Now we can see this kind of dogs all over the world. They work for the blind.
The Seeing Eye dog is strong and easy to train (訓(xùn)練). He helps the blind to walk from place to place. Before a dog becomes a Seeing Eye dog, it must go to a training school for about three months. First the dog has to learn to sit or stay when he hears the trainer's call. In his next lesson the dog learns to take his trainer across busy streets. The dog has many things to learn. At the end of the training school he must take tests (測(cè)試). When it passes the test, it can become the Seeing Eye dog.
The new master may be a man, a woman, or even a child. It takes the dog and his blind master about a month to learn to work and live together.
1.Are dogs very friendly?
?
2.What kind of people does Seeing Eye dog work for?
?
3.How long must a dog stay in a training school before it becomes a Seeing Eye Dog?
?
4.What does a dog have to do at the end of the training school?
?
5.Where can we see the Seeing Eye Dogs?
?
?
(十六)
Now a lot of families keep pets (寵物) in their houses. Most pets are small animals, such as cats, dogs, fish, snakes, birds and so on.
Dogs are the favorite pets. The second favorites are cats and the third favorites are birds. These small animals are very cute and friendly. People usually have them as their family members. They look after them very well, they let them wear beautiful clothes and their pets have nice names. They also give their pets nice food. They buy food for their pets in pet shops. They keep them clean every day.
Pets are all very happy. Many pets have their houses and beds. They often go out to relax and take a walk with people in the park in the morning.
Some children like pets because they need a friend to play with at home. Many old people don't live with their children, and they keep pets at home just because they often feel lonely (孤獨(dú)的). They have them as their children and they love them very much. So pets are very important. I think every family needs pets.
1.What is the second favourite pet?
?
2.What do people do to look after their pets well?
?
3.Do the pets often walk with their masters in the morning?
?
4.Why do many old people keep pets?
?
5.What do you think of pets?
?
?
(十七)
This is a kind and cheerful firehouse dog. His name is Rex. He has two bright eyes. He weighs 20 kilograms. He is a popular star. He never feels frightened when he meets any danger. He always rushes in front of others.
Last month a careless zookeeper forgot to take good care of the stove (爐子) in his room. Half an hour later a terrible fire happened. Many buildings burned and fell down. Elephants, camels, giraffes and some other animals ran away from the dangerous fire. Suddenly Rex heard a baby panda asking for help in the fire. He put on his safe glasses quickly and jumped into the fire. He searched carefully and saved the panda at last. The fire hurt his neck and eyes.
Now he lives alone in Animal Hospital. He loses one of his legs, but he is very glad to save the weak panda.
1.What is the name of the firehouse dog?
?
2.Why did a big fire happen in a zoo?
?
3.Who did the dog save at last?
?
4.Where does the dog live now?
?
5.What part does the dog lose?
?
?
(十八)
In January 1998, two pigs ran away from the west of London. The owner of them was going to kill them. For almost a week, they hid (藏) in the woods around the town of Amesbury.
When the local police began to look for the pigs, newspaper reporters from all over the country joined them. Soon people everywhere were reading about the adventures (冒險(xiǎn)) of Butch and Sundance with great interest. The owner of the pigs said that if he found them, he would sell them to anyone who would give them a home. A number of newspapers tried to buy the pigs, and finally?The Daily Mail?paid a lot of money for them.
One rainy night, six days after the escape, a reporter from?The Daily Mail?and some people from the town found Butch in the woods. They caught it and put it in a cage. The next day, they caught Sundance too. They sent the pigs to a zoo. They were no longer free, but they were alive.
1.How long did they hide in the woods?
?
2.Who joined the local police in looking for the pigs?
?
3.What are the names of the two pigs?
4.Did they find the two pigs on the same day?
?
5.What is The Daily Mail?
?
?
(十九)
Who is better at communication, humans or animals? If you think about human inventions such as the telephone, the radio, and the Internet, then the answer to this question seems clear. Human beings are better communicators. However, if you compare what you can do with the abilities of certain animals, then the answer is not simple. Animals can do some things that people cannot.
We humans depend on our voices for much of our communication. We use words and sounds to pass information to the people around us. But the sound of our voices cannot travel very far. Even the voice of an opera singer as well as many animal voices. Think of the elephant, for example. Its voice has great strength because of the elephant's great size, so it for miles. Elephants can also make very low sounds, which are too deep for any human to hear. These low sounds let elephants communicate over even longer distances.
Also, many animals communicate through smells. A smell can carry a lot of information. For example, a smell can say, "This is my place—get out!" Many animals receive messages through their noses just as humans do. For example, your nose might tell you, "There's fresh coffee in the kitchen. It's time to get out of bed." But people don't usually use smell to communicate, and our noses don't receive message very well.
Our voices are not the strongest and our noses are not the best, but we human beings are the only ones with words and written languages. So, maybe we can still say we are better communicators.
1.Why human beings are better communicators according to Paragraph 1?
?
2.What do human beings use to pass information?
?
3.Whose voice has great strength in this passage?
?
4.Can humans hear elephants' low sound?
?
5.What else do animals use to communicate besides sound?
?
?
(二十)
Can dogs and cats live in peace in the same home? People are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new way for success. According to the study, if the owner raises a cat before raising a dog, or if he starts raising them when they are very young, it is highly possible that the two pets will get along sweetly.
However, it wasn't all sweetness. There was a reported coldness between the cat and dog in 25% of the homes, while attacking (攻擊) and fighting can be seen (被發(fā)現(xiàn)) in 10% of the homes. One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals (信號(hào)) are just opposite. For example, when a cat turns its head away it means attack, while a dog doing the same it means kindness.
In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully, researchers found a surprising behavior. They are learning how to talk each other's language. It is a surprise that cats can learn how to talk "dog", and dogs can learn how to talk "cat".
What's interesting is that both cats and dogs seem to develop their intelligence (智力). They can learn to read each other's body signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than we thought before. Once they are familiar with each other's presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together on the sofa. They can easily share the same water bowl and in some cases groom (梳理) each other.
1.In what condition may cats and dogs get on well with each other?
?
2.Why do cats and dogs attack or fight with each other according to the passage?
?
3.What does a dog mean when it turns its head away?
?
4.In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully, what is found surprising about cats and dogs?
?
5.Can cats and dogs groom each other when they are familiar with each other?
?
?
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